Analysis of PCl107 a Large Plasmid Carried by an ST25 Strain Reveals a Complex Evolutionary History and Links to Multiple Antibiotic Resistance and Metabolic Pathways

has successfully spread during the last decades as one of the main critically important pathogens. However, many aspects including plasmids, are still under-investigated. Here, we report the complete sequence of an strain, belonging to the ST25 (Institut Pasteur) sequence type recovered in 2012 in Lebanon, using a combination of Illumina MiSeq and Oxford Nanopore sequencing and a hybrid assembly approach. This strain (Cl107) carries a 198 kb plasmid called pCl107 that encodes the MPF conjugative transfer system. The plasmid carries the , , and (B) antibiotic resistance genes. pCl107 region encompassing the , , (B) is closely related to AbGRI1 chromosomal resistance islands, which are widespread in strains belonging to Global Clone 2. The resistance region found in pCl107 is one of the missing links in the evolutionary history of the AbGRI1 islands. pCl107 also contains a BREX Type 1 region and represents one of the two main evolution patterns observed in BREX clusters found in plasmids related to pCl107. pCl107 also harbours a phosphonate metabolism module, which plays an ancestral structure compared to other large plasmids in ST25 strains. While the uric acid metabolic module found in pCl107 is incomplete, we identified possible ancestors from plasmids and chromosomes of spp. Our analyses indicate a complex evolutionary history of plasmids related to pCl107 with many links to multiple antibiotic resistance and metabolic pathways.