Identification of Immunoglobulin Gene Rearrangement Biomarkers in Multiple Myeloma Through CfDNA-Based Liquid Biopsy Using TchDNA-Seq

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a hematological malignancy characterized by the clonal proliferation of pathogenic CD138+ plasma cells (PPCs) in bone marrow (BM). Recent years have seen a significant increase in the treatment options for MM; however, most patients who achieve complete the response ultimately relapse. The earlier detection of tumor-related clonal DNA would thus be very beneficial for patients with MM and would enable timely therapeutic interventions to improve outcomes. Liquid biopsy of "cell-free DNA" (cfDNA) as a minimally invasive approach might be more effective than BM aspiration not only for the diagnosis but also for the detection of early recurrence. Most studies thus far have addressed the comparative quantification of patient-specific biomarkers in cfDNA with PPCs and BM samples, which have shown good correlations. However, there are limitations to this approach, such as the difficulty in obtaining enough circulating free tumor DNA to achieve sufficient sensitivity for the assessment of minimal residual disease. Herein, we summarize current data on methodologies to characterize MM, and we present evidence that targeted capture hybridization DNA sequencing (tchDNA-Seq) can provide robust biomarkers in cfDNA, including immunoglobulin (IG) rearrangements. We also show that detection can be improved by prior purification of the cfDNA. Overall, liquid biopsies of cfDNA to monitor IG rearrangements have the potential to provide important diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive information in patients with MM.