Association of the Serum Calcium Level with Metabolic Syndrome and Its Components Among Adults in Taiwan

Overview

Journal Arch Endocrinol Metab

Specialty Endocrinology

Date 2023 May 30

PMID 37249460

Authors

Jer-Min Chen

Tai-Yin Wu

Yi-Fan Wu

Kuan-Liang Kuo

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Objective: An increasing amount of literature indicates that the serum calcium level may be related to metabolic syndrome (MetS) and obesity. This study aimed to examine the relationship between the serum calcium level and MetS in adults in Taiwan.

Subjects And Methods: We conducted a crosssectional study and enrolled 1,580 participants (54.4% women; mean age, 33.28 ± 12.21 years) who underwent health examinations in northern Taiwan between 2012 and 2016. Logistic regression was performed to estimate the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the risk of MetS and its components in groups of patients in the tertiles of the serum calcium level.

Results: In total, 167 participants (10.6%) had MetS. The odds of high systolic blood pressure (BP), blood glucose, and triglyceride (TG) levels significantly increased as the serum calcium level increased. Compared with the participants in the lowest tertile of the serum calcium level (tertile 1), those in the second tertile (OR = 1.47, 95% CI: 0.97-2.23) and third tertile (OR = 1.63, 95% CI: 1.06-2.53) had a significantly higher risk of MetS. Further analyses revealed a significant association between MetS and an increased serum calcium level in those in the overweight and obese groups. However, there was no association between the serum calcium levels and MetS in those in the normal weight group.

Conclusion: This study demonstrated that a higher serum calcium level is associated with an increased risk of MetS and its components in adults with overweight and obesity.

Citing Articles

Association of serum magnesium and calcium with metabolic syndrome: a cross-sectional study from the Qatar-biobank.

Alsheikh R, Aldulaimi H, Hinawi R, Al-Sadi F, Al-Baker A, Alkuwari A Nutr Metab (Lond). 2025; 22(1):8.

PMID: 39885554 PMC: 11783880. DOI: 10.1186/s12986-024-00892-y.

Association of serum calcium and metabolically healthy obese in US adults: a cross-sectional study.

Li Z, Yao Z, Liu Q Ann Med. 2024; 56(1):2403721.

PMID: 39291917 PMC: 11411560. DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2024.2403721.

Blood Concentration of Macro- and Microelements in Women Who Are Overweight/Obesity and Their Associations with Serum Biochemistry.

Knazicka Z, Bihari M, Janco I, Harangozo L, Arvay J, Kovacik A Life (Basel). 2024; 14(4).

PMID: 38672736 PMC: 11051437. DOI: 10.3390/life14040465.

Independent associations of serum calcium with or without albumin adjustment and serum phosphorus with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: results from NHANES 1999-2018.

Qi H, Wang B, Zhu L Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2024; 15:1323990.

PMID: 38505748 PMC: 10948406. DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1323990.

References

. Appropriate body-mass index for Asian populations and its implications for policy and intervention strategies. Lancet. 2004; 363(9403):157-63. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)15268-3. View

Hwang L, Bai C, Chen C . Prevalence of obesity and metabolic syndrome in Taiwan. J Formos Med Assoc. 2006; 105(8):626-35. DOI: 10.1016/S0929-6646(09)60161-3. View

Chu N . Prevalence of obesity in Taiwan. Obes Rev. 2005; 6(4):271-4. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-789X.2005.00175.x. View

Boudreau D, Malone D, Raebel M, Fishman P, Nichols G, Feldstein A . Health care utilization and costs by metabolic syndrome risk factors. Metab Syndr Relat Disord. 2009; 7(4):305-14. DOI: 10.1089/met.2008.0070. View

Kunutsor S, Laukkanen J . Circulating active serum calcium reduces the risk of hypertension. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2016; 24(3):239-243. DOI: 10.1177/2047487316681174. View

Ahlstrom T, Hagstrom E, Larsson A, Rudberg C, Lind L, Hellman P . Correlation between plasma calcium, parathyroid hormone (PTH) and the metabolic syndrome (MetS) in a community-based cohort of men and women. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2009; 71(5):673-8. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2009.03558.x. View

Hunt S, Williams R, Kuida H . Different plasma ionized calcium correlations with blood pressure in high and low renin normotensive adults in Utah. Am J Hypertens. 1991; 4(1 Pt 1):1-8. DOI: 10.1093/ajh/4.1.1. View

Ninomiya J, LItalien G, Criqui M, Whyte J, Gamst A, Chen R . Association of the metabolic syndrome with history of myocardial infarction and stroke in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Circulation. 2003; 109(1):42-6. DOI: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000108926.04022.0C. View

Lakka H, Laaksonen D, Lakka T, Niskanen L, Kumpusalo E, Tuomilehto J . The metabolic syndrome and total and cardiovascular disease mortality in middle-aged men. JAMA. 2002; 288(21):2709-16. DOI: 10.1001/jama.288.21.2709. View

10.

Mattsson N, Ronnemaa T, Juonala M, Viikari J, Raitakari O . The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in young adults. The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study. J Intern Med. 2007; 261(2):159-69. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2006.01752.x. View

11.

Sabanayagam C, Shankar A . Serum calcium levels and hypertension among U.S. adults. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2011; 13(10):716-21. PMC: 8108903. DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-7176.2011.00503.x. View

12.

Yamaguchi T, Kanazawa I, Takaoka S, Sugimoto T . Serum calcium is positively correlated with fasting plasma glucose and insulin resistance, independent of parathyroid hormone, in male patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metabolism. 2011; 60(9):1334-9. DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2011.02.003. View

13.

Saltevo J, Niskanen L, Kautiainen H, Teittinen J, Oksa H, Korpi-Hyovalti E . Serum calcium level is associated with metabolic syndrome in the general population: FIN-D2D study. Eur J Endocrinol. 2011; 165(3):429-34. DOI: 10.1530/EJE-11-0066. View

14.

Hagstrom E, Hellman P, Lundgren E, Lind L, Arnlov J . Serum calcium is independently associated with insulin sensitivity measured with euglycaemic-hyperinsulinaemic clamp in a community-based cohort. Diabetologia. 2006; 50(2):317-24. DOI: 10.1007/s00125-006-0532-9. View

15.

Sun G, Vasdev S, Martin G, Gadag V, Zhang H . Altered calcium homeostasis is correlated with abnormalities of fasting serum glucose, insulin resistance, and beta-cell function in the Newfoundland population. Diabetes. 2005; 54(11):3336-9. DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.54.11.3336. View

16.

Reis J, von Muhlen D, Miller 3rd E . Relation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and parathyroid hormone levels with metabolic syndrome among US adults. Eur J Endocrinol. 2008; 159(1):41-8. DOI: 10.1530/EJE-08-0072. View

17.

Cho G, Shin J, Yi K, Park H, Kim T, Hur J . Serum calcium level is associated with metabolic syndrome in elderly women. Maturitas. 2011; 68(4):382-6. DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2011.01.013. View

18.

Sun H, Shi J, Wang H, Fu L, Zhou B, Wu X . Association of serum calcium and hypertension among adolescents aged 12-17 years in the rural area of Northeast China. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2013; 155(3):344-51. DOI: 10.1007/s12011-013-9805-6. View

19.

Vaidya A, Underwood P, Annes J, Sun B, Williams G, Forman J . The influence of sodium- and calcium-regulatory hormone interventions on adipocytokines in obesity and diabetes. Metabolism. 2012; 62(4):539-47. PMC: 3572332. DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2012.10.001. View

20.

Ren X, Yao Y, He L, Jin Y, Chang W, Li J . Overweight and obesity associated with increased total serum calcium level: comparison of cross-sectional data in the health screening for teaching faculty. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2013; 156(1-3):74-8. DOI: 10.1007/s12011-013-9856-8. View