Cleaning and Disinfecting Oval-Shaped Root Canals: Ex Vivo Evaluation of Three Rotary Instrumentation Systems with Passive Ultrasonic Irrigation

: Successful root canal treatment depends on the thorough removal of biofilms through chemomechanical preparation. This study aimed to investigate and compare the cleaning and disinfecting efficiency of oval-shaped root canals using XP-endo Shaper (XPS), ProTaper Next (PTN), and HyFlex CM (HCM) in combination with passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI). : Ninety extracted teeth were contaminated and randomly divided into three groups: XPS, PTN, and HCM. Each group was assigned to three subgroups: subgroup A (sterile saline), subgroup B (3% sodium hypochlorite and 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid), and subgroup C (3% sodium hypochlorite, 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, and PUI). Bacterial sampling was conducted both from baseline samples and samples after chemomechanical preparation. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to evaluate the residue bacterial biofilms, hard tissue debris, and smear layers on the buccolingual walls of oval-shaped root canals. : When combined with sterile saline, XPS demonstrated a higher reduction of bacterial counts and was more effective in eradicating in the middle third of the canals compared to the other instruments ( < 0.05). Additionally, when used with antimicrobial irrigants, XPS was more effective in disinfecting the coronal third of the canals than the other instruments ( < 0.05). Furthermore, XPS reduced hard tissue debris more effectively in the middle third of canals than in the apical third ( < 0.05). : XPS outperforms PTN and HCM in disinfecting oval-shaped root canals. Despite the fact that combining XPS and PUI improves cleaning and disinfecting, removing hard tissue debris from the critical apical area remains challenging.