Ghrelin Modulates Differential Expression of Genes Relevant to Immune Activities and Antimicrobial Peptides in Primary Head Kidney Cells of Rainbow Trout ()

Overview

Journal Animals (Basel)

Date 2023 May 27

PMID 37238114

Authors

Yueh-Chiang Han

Douglas W Leaman

Brian S Shepherd

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Ghrelin is a peptide hormone/cytokine that regulates metabolic processes and plays essential roles in the immune system. To evaluate the immunomodulatory actions of ghrelin isoforms in rainbow trout (RT), an in vitro model was utilized with primary cells isolated from fish head kidney (HKD). These RT-HKD cells were treated with synthetic rainbow trout ghrelin and its truncated isoform, desVRQ-ghrelin, over time (0, 2, 4, and 24 h). Reverse transcriptase-coupled qPCR was used to measure the differential expression patterns of genes relevant to various immune processes and genes of antimicrobial peptides. Ghrelin isoform treatments resulted in functional perturbations that displayed overlapping and divergent patterns of gene expression. The differing actions between the two ghrelin isoforms on various assessed genes, and at differing time points, suggested that the two analogs may activate unique pathways, thereby eliciting distinct responses in fish immunity.

Citing Articles

Immunomodulatory role of vasoactive intestinal peptide and ghrelin in .

Munoz-Flores C, Roa F, Saavedra P, Fuentealba P, Starck M, Ortega L Heliyon. 2023; 9(12):e23215.

PMID: 38149209 PMC: 10750074. DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23215.

References

Baatar D, Patel K, Taub D . The effects of ghrelin on inflammation and the immune system. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2011; 340(1):44-58. DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.04.019. View

Siegl D, Midura E, Annecke T, Conzen P, Caldwell C, Tschoep J . The effect of ghrelin upon the early immune response in lean and obese mice during sepsis. PLoS One. 2015; 10(4):e0122211. PMC: 4386814. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122211. View

Hernandez L, Camacho H, Nunez-Robainas A, Palenzuela D, Morales A, Basabe L . Growth hormone secretagogue peptide-6 enhances oreochromicins transcription and antimicrobial activity in tilapia (Oreochromis sp.). Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2021; 119:508-515. DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.08.011. View

Unniappan S, Peter R . Structure, distribution and physiological functions of ghrelin in fish. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol. 2005; 140(4):396-408. DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2005.02.011. View

Yamashita Y, Makinodan M, Toritsuka M, Yamauchi T, Ikawa D, Kimoto S . Anti-inflammatory Effect of Ghrelin in Lymphoblastoid Cell Lines From Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder. Front Psychiatry. 2019; 10:152. PMC: 6443989. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00152. View

Yada T . Growth hormone and fish immune system. Gen Comp Endocrinol. 2007; 152(2-3):353-8. DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2007.01.045. View

Rodriguez A, Velazquez J, Gonzalez L, Rodriguez-Ramos T, Dixon B, Miyares F . PACAP modulates the transcription of TLR-1/TLR-5/MyD88 pathway genes and boosts antimicrobial defenses in Clarias gariepinus. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2021; 115:150-159. DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.06.009. View

Greenwald R, Freeman G, Sharpe A . The B7 family revisited. Annu Rev Immunol. 2005; 23:515-48. DOI: 10.1146/annurev.immunol.23.021704.115611. View

Geven E, Klaren P . The teleost head kidney: Integrating thyroid and immune signalling. Dev Comp Immunol. 2016; 66:73-83. DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.06.025. View

10.

Pfaffl M . A new mathematical model for relative quantification in real-time RT-PCR. Nucleic Acids Res. 2001; 29(9):e45. PMC: 55695. DOI: 10.1093/nar/29.9.e45. View

11.

Dixit V, Taub D . Ghrelin and immunity: a young player in an old field. Exp Gerontol. 2005; 40(11):900-10. DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2005.09.003. View

12.

Parhar I, Sato H, Sakuma Y . Ghrelin gene in cichlid fish is modulated by sex and development. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2003; 305(1):169-75. DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(03)00729-0. View

13.

Campbell Y, Fantacone M, Gombart A . Regulation of antimicrobial peptide gene expression by nutrients and by-products of microbial metabolism. Eur J Nutr. 2012; 51(8):899-907. PMC: 3587725. DOI: 10.1007/s00394-012-0415-4. View

14.

Ribera J, Nipkow M, Viergutz T, Brunner R, Bochert R, Koll R . Early response of salmonid head-kidney cells to stress hormones and toll-like receptor ligands. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2019; 98:950-961. DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.11.058. View

15.

Cornejo M, Mustafa E, Barrile F, Cassano D, De Francesco P, Raingo J . THE INTRIGUING LIGAND-DEPENDENT AND LIGAND-INDEPENDENT ACTIONS OF THE GROWTH HORMONE SECRETAGOGUE RECEPTOR ON REWARD-RELATED BEHAVIORS. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2020; 120:401-416. DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.10.017. View

16.

Kaiya H, Kojima M, Hosoda H, Moriyama S, Takahashi A, Kawauchi H . Peptide purification, complementary deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and genomic DNA cloning, and functional characterization of ghrelin in rainbow trout. Endocrinology. 2003; 144(12):5215-26. DOI: 10.1210/en.2003-1085. View

17.

Khansari A, Parra D, Reyes-Lopez F, Tort L . Cytokine modulation by stress hormones and antagonist specific hormonal inhibition in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) head kidney primary cell culture. Gen Comp Endocrinol. 2017; 250:122-135. DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.06.005. View

18.

Hu Y, Maisey K, Aiya Subramani P, Liu F, Flores-Kossack C, Imarai M . Characterisation of rainbow trout peripheral blood leucocytes prepared by hypotonic lysis of erythrocytes, and analysis of their phagocytic activity, proliferation and response to PAMPs and proinflammatory cytokines. Dev Comp Immunol. 2018; 88:104-113. DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.07.010. View

19.

Kojima M, Hosoda H, Date Y, Nakazato M, Matsuo H, Kangawa K . Ghrelin is a growth-hormone-releasing acylated peptide from stomach. Nature. 1999; 402(6762):656-60. DOI: 10.1038/45230. View

20.

Turner M, Chantry D, Feldmann M . Transforming growth factor beta induces the production of interleukin 6 by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Cytokine. 1990; 2(3):211-6. DOI: 10.1016/1043-4666(90)90018-o. View