What Can Be Learned from the Residual Efficacy of Three Formulations of Insecticides (pirimiphos-methyl, Clothianidin and Deltamethrin Mixture, and Clothianidin Alone) in Large-scale in Community Trial in North Benin, West Africa?

Overview

Journal Malar J

Publisher Biomed Central

Specialty Tropical Medicine

Date 2023 May 9

PMID 37158866

Authors

Esdras Mahoutin Odjo

Albert Sourou Salako

Germain Gil Padonou

Boulais Yovogan

Constantin Jesukede Adoha

Bruno Adjottin

Andre Aime Sominahouin

Arthur Sovi

Razaki Osse

Casimir D Kpanou

Hermann W Sagbohan

Armel Djenontin

Clement Agbangla

Martin C Akogbeto

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Background: In Alibori and Donga, two departments of high malaria incidence of Northern Benin, pirimiphos-methyl, mixture deltamethrin + clothianidin, as well as clothianidin were used at large scale for IRS. The present study aimed to assess the residual efficacy of these products.

Methods: Immatures of Anopheles gambiae sensu lato (s.l.) collected in the communes of Kandi and Gogounou (Department of Alibori), Djougou and Copargo (Department of Donga) were reared until adulthood. Females aged 2-5 days were used for susceptibility tube tests following the WHO protocol. The tests were conducted with deltamethrin (0.05%), bendiocarb (0.1%), pirimiphos-methyl (0.25%) and clothianidin (2% weight per volume). For cone tests performed on cement and mud walls, the An. gambiae Kisumu susceptible strain was used. After the quality control of the IRS performed 1-week post-campaign, the evaluation of the residual activity of the different tested insecticides/mixture of insecticides was conducted on a monthly basis.

Results: Over the three study years, deltamethrin resistance was observed in all the communes. With bendiocarb, resistance or possible resistance was observed. In 2019 and 2020, full susceptibility to pirimiphos-methyl was observed, while possible resistance to the same product was detected in 2021 in Djougou, Gogounou and Kandi. With clothianidin, full susceptibility was observed 4-6 days post-exposure. The residual activity lasted 4-5 months for pirimiphos-methyl, and 8-10 months for clothianidin and the mixture deltamethrin + clothianidin. A slightly better efficacy of the different tested products was observed on cement walls compared to the mud walls.

Conclusion: Overall, An. gambiae s.l. was fully susceptible to clothianidin, while resistance/possible resistance was observed the other tested insecticides. In addition, clothianidin-based insecticides showed a better residual activity compared to pirimiphos-methyl, showing thus their ability to provide an improved and prolonged control of pyrethroid resistant vectors.

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