Improved (Hemiptera: Liviidae) Adults Biocontrol in Citrus by (Hypocreales: Ophiocordycipitaceae) Gum-Enhanced Conidia Formulation

Speare is the only entomopathogenic fungus involved in Kuwayama natural epizootics. The aim of the present study was to evaluate different protein sources as supplements to stimulate growth, improve conidiation on solid culture, and evaluate its produced gum for conidia formulation against adults. INIFAP-Hir-2 strain was grown on agar media enriched with wheat bran, wheat germ, soy, amaranth, quinoa, and pumpkin seed, in addition to oat with wheat bran and/or amaranth. The results demonstrated that 2% wheat bran significantly ( 0.05) promoted mycelium growth. However, 4% and 5% wheat bran achieved the highest conidiation (3.65 × 10 conidia/mL and 3.68 × 10 conidia/mL, respectively). Higher conidiation ( 0.05) was observed on oat grains supplemented with wheat bran, as compared with culturing on oat grains without supplements (7.25 × 10 versus 5.22 × 10 conidia/g), after a 14 d instead of 21 d incubation period. After supplementing synthetic medium or oat grains with wheat bran and/or amaranth, INIFAP-Hir-2 conidiation increased, whereas production time was reduced. After using and gums to formulate conidia produced on wheat bran and amaranth at 4%, field trial results showed that the highest ( 0.05) mortality was achieved by gum-formulated conidia (80.0%), followed by the gum control (57.8%). Furthermore, gum-formulated conidia caused 37.8%, whereas gum and negative controls induced 9% mortality. In conclusion, gum used to formulate its conidia improved biological control against adults.