The Use of Local Anaesthetic Microinjections to Identify Central Pathways: a Quantitative Evaluation of the Time Course and Extent of the Neuronal Block

Overview

Journal Exp Brain Res

Specialty Neurology

Date 1987 Jan 1

PMID 3691692

Citations 30

Authors

J Sandkuhler

B Maisch

M Zimmermann

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

The time course and extent of local anaesthetic blocks within the spinal cord of cats were evaluated. A monopolar stimulation electrode with the tip lowered into the dorsal columns (DC) 1000 microns below cord surface was used to activate antidromically DC fibers at the T13 level and evoke cord dorsum potentials at the level of the lumbar spinal cord. The amplitude of the negative deflection, the N-wave, was determined for various stimulation intensities (stimulation-response-function, SRF). Lidocaine (1%) was microinjected in volumes of 0.5 or 1.0 microliter into the DC from a glass micropipette 1 mm caudal to the stimulation site. Conduction block was characterized by a reversible shift of the SRFs to higher stimulation intensities. The diameter of the blocked area in the transverse plane was evaluated from threshold intensities and was found to be 0.9 +/- 0.1 mm 4 to 30 min after the injection of 0.5 microliter lidocaine and 1.6 +/- 0.36 mm 10 to 45 min after the injection of 1.0 microliter lidocaine. In the sagittal plane, the diameter of the blocked area following 1.0 microliter lidocaine was found to be up to 2.8 mm. The DC-block was reversible within 92 min following injection of 1.0 microliter and 69 min after the injection of 0.5 microliter lidocaine. The application of the present findings for blocks in other CNS structures is discussed.

Citing Articles

The cerebellum contributes to generalized seizures by altering activity in the ventral posteromedial nucleus.

Beckinghausen J, Ortiz-Guzman J, Lin T, Bachman B, Salazar Leon L, Liu Y Commun Biol. 2023; 6(1):731.

PMID: 37454228 PMC: 10349834. DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05100-w.

Cardiac-Gated Neuromodulation Increased Baroreflex Sensitivity and Reduced Pain Sensitivity in Female Fibromyalgia Patients.

Thieme K, Jung K, Mathys M, Gracely R, Turk D J Clin Med. 2022; 11(20).

PMID: 36294542 PMC: 9605536. DOI: 10.3390/jcm11206220.

The Dorsomedial Hypothalamus Is Involved in the Mediation of Autonomic and Neuroendocrine Responses to Restraint Stress.

Brasil T, Lopes-Azevedo S, Belem-Filho I, Fortaleza E, Antunes-Rodrigues J, Correa F Front Pharmacol. 2020; 10:1547.

PMID: 32038236 PMC: 6989482. DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01547.

Double dissociation of the anterior and posterior dorsomedial caudate-putamen in the acquisition and expression of associative learning with the nicotine stimulus.

Charntikov S, Pittenger S, Swalve N, Li M, Bevins R Neuropharmacology. 2017; 121:111-119.

PMID: 28457971 PMC: 5509027. DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.04.026.

Modulation of experimental arthritis by vagal sensory and central brain stimulation.

Shimizu Bassi G, Dias D, Franchin M, Talbot J, Reis D, Menezes G Brain Behav Immun. 2017; 64:330-343.

PMID: 28392428 PMC: 6330674. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.04.003.

References

Bloom F, Algeri S, Groppetti A, Revuelta A, Costa E . Lesions of central norepinephrine terminals with 6-OH-dopamine: biochemistry and fine structure. Science. 1969; 166(3910):1284-6. DOI: 10.1126/science.166.3910.1284. View

Minagawa T, Kawai Y, Morita S, NIHO M, Murakami N . Effect of hypothalamic cooling on the tonic vibration reflex of gastrocnemius muscle in cats. Exp Neurol. 1983; 82(2):303-12. DOI: 10.1016/0014-4886(83)90403-x. View

Yezierski R, Wilcox T, Willis W . The effects of serotonin antagonists on the inhibition of primate spinothalamic tract cells produced by stimulation in nucleus raphe magnus or periaqueductal gray. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1982; 220(2):266-77. View

Denson D, Bridenbaugh P, Turner P, Phero J . Comparison of neural blockade and pharmacokinetics after subarachnoid lidocaine in the rhesus monkey. II: Effects of volume, osmolality, and baricity. Anesth Analg. 1983; 62(11):995-1001. View

Sagen J, Proudfit H . Evidence for pain modulation by pre- and postsynaptic noradrenergic receptors in the medulla oblongata. Brain Res. 1985; 331(2):285-93. DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(85)91554-9. View

Thomson T, TURKANIS S . Barbiturate-induced transmitter release at a frog neuromuscular junction. Br J Pharmacol. 1973; 48(1):48-58. PMC: 1776099. DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1973.tb08221.x. View

Iakhnitsa I, Bulgakova N, Piliavskii A . [Effect of drugs potentiating or inhibiting the activity of locus coeruleus neurons on various types of spinal inhibition in the cat]. Neirofiziologiia. 1981; 13(3):247-58. View

Sandkuhler J, Maisch B, Zimmermann M . Raphe magnus-induced descending inhibition of spinal nociceptive neurons is mediated through contralateral spinal pathways in the cat. Neurosci Lett. 1987; 76(2):168-72. DOI: 10.1016/0304-3940(87)90710-5. View

Kuno M, Matsuura S . Sites and mechanisms of action of lidocaine upon the isolated spinal cord of the frog. Brain Res. 1982; 249(1):87-93. DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(82)90172-x. View

10.

Bement S, RANCK Jr J . A quantitative study of electrical stimulation of central myelinated fibers. Exp Neurol. 1969; 24(2):147-70. DOI: 10.1016/0014-4886(69)90012-0. View

11.

Sandkuhler J, Gebhart G . Relative contributions of the nucleus raphe magnus and adjacent medullary reticular formation to the inhibition by stimulation in the periaqueductal gray of a spinal nociceptive reflex in the pentobarbital-anesthetized rat. Brain Res. 1984; 305(1):77-87. DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(84)91121-1. View

12.

Berge O, Fasmer O, Flatmark T, Hole K . Time course of changes in nociception after 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine lesions of descending 5-HT pathways. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1983; 18(4):637-43. DOI: 10.1016/0091-3057(83)90293-9. View

13.

Sandkuhler J, Fu Q, Zimmermann M . Spinal pathways mediating tonic or stimulation-produced descending inhibition from the periaqueductal gray or nucleus raphe magnus are separate in the cat. J Neurophysiol. 1987; 58(2):327-41. DOI: 10.1152/jn.1987.58.2.327. View

14.

Weakly J . Effect of barbiturates on 'quantal' synaptic transmission in spinal motoneurones. J Physiol. 1969; 204(1):63-77. PMC: 1351593. DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.1969.sp008898. View

15.

Delgado J, Kitahata L . Reversible depression of hippocampus by local injections of anesthetics in monkeys. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1967; 22(5):453-64. DOI: 10.1016/0013-4694(67)90173-3. View

16.

Rigdon G, Pirch J . Microinjection of procaine or GABA into the nucleus basalis magnocellularis affects cue-elicited unit responses in the rat frontal cortex. Exp Neurol. 1984; 85(2):283-96. DOI: 10.1016/0014-4886(84)90141-9. View

17.

Krnjevic K, Randic M, SIESJOE B . CORTICAL CO2 TENSION AND NEURONAL EXCITABILITY. J Physiol. 1965; 176:105-22. PMC: 1357160. DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.1965.sp007538. View

18.

Denson D, Turner P, Bridenbaugh P, Thompson G . Pharmacokinetics and neural blockade after subarachnoid lidocaine in the rhesus monkey. III. Effects of phenylephrine. Anesth Analg. 1984; 63(2):129-33. View

19.

Altman J, Anderson W . Irradiation of the cerebellum in infant rats with low-level x-ray: histological and cytological effects during infancy and adulthood. Exp Neurol. 1971; 30(3):492-509. DOI: 10.1016/0014-4886(71)90150-6. View

20.

Hille B . The pH-dependent rate of action of local anesthetics on the node of Ranvier. J Gen Physiol. 1977; 69(4):475-96. PMC: 2215051. DOI: 10.1085/jgp.69.4.475. View