Bone Mineral Density and Vascular Calcification in Children and Young Adults With CKD 4 to 5 or on Dialysis

Introduction: Older adults with chronic kidney disease (CKD) can have low bone mineral density (BMD) with concurrent vascular calcification. Mineral accrual by the growing skeleton may protect young people with CKD from extraosseous calcification. Our hypothesis was that children and young adults with increasing BMD do not develop vascular calcification.

Methods: This was a multicenter longitudinal study in children and young people (5-30 years) with CKD stages 4 to 5 or on dialysis. BMD was assessed by tibial peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) and lumbar spine dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). The following cardiovascular imaging tests were undertaken: cardiac computed tomography for coronary artery calcification (CAC), ultrasound for carotid intima media thickness z-score (cIMTz), pulse wave velocity z-score (PWVz), and carotid distensibility for arterial stiffness. All measures are presented as age-adjusted and sex-adjusted z-scores.

Results: One hundred participants (median age 13.82 years) were assessed at baseline and 57 followed up after a median of 1.45 years. Trabecular BMD z-score (TrabBMDz) decreased ( = 0.01), and there was a nonsignificant decrease in cortical BMD z-score (CortBMDz) ( = 0.09). Median cIMTz and PWVz showed nonsignificant increase ( = 0.23 and  = 0.19, respectively). The annualized increase in TrabBMDz (ΔTrabBMDz) was an independent predictor of cIMTz increase (  = 0.48, β = 0.40,  = 0.03). Young people who demonstrated statural growth ( = 33) had lower ΔTrabBMDz and also attenuated vascular changes compared with those with static growth ( = 24).

Conclusion: This hypothesis-generating study suggests that children and young adults with CKD or on dialysis may develop vascular calcification even as their BMD increases. A presumed buffering capacity of the growing skeleton may offer some protection against extraosseous calcification.