Functionalized Fullerenes and Their Applications in Electrochemistry, Solar Cells, and Nanoelectronics

Overview

Journal Materials (Basel)

Publisher MDPI

Date 2023 Feb 11

PMID 36770286

Authors

Maksim Paukov

Christian Kramberger

Ilia Begichev

Marianna Kharlamova

Maria Burdanova

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Carbon-based nanomaterials have rapidly advanced over the last few decades. Fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, graphene and its derivatives, graphene oxide, nanodiamonds, and carbon-based quantum dots have been developed and intensively studied. Among them, fullerenes have attracted increasing research attention due to their unique chemical and physical properties, which have great potential in a wide range of applications. In this article, we offer a comprehensive review of recent progress in the synthesis and the chemical and physical properties of fullerenes and related composites. The review begins with the introduction of various methods for the synthesis of functionalized fullerenes. A discussion then follows on their chemical and physical properties. Thereafter, various intriguing applications, such as using carbon nanotubes as nanoreactors for fullerene chemical reactions, are highlighted. Finally, this review concludes with a summary of future research, major challenges to be met, and possible solutions.

Citing Articles

A Quantum Mechanical MP2 Study of the Electronic Effect of Nonplanarity on the Carbon Pyramidalization of Fullerene C.

Liu Y, Gao Y, Altalhi T, Liu D, Yakobson B Nanomaterials (Basel). 2024; 14(19).

PMID: 39404303 PMC: 11477707. DOI: 10.3390/nano14191576.

Influence of fullerene content on the properties of polyurethane resins: A study of rheology and thermal characteristics.

Akhanova N, Negim E, Yerlanuly Y, Batryshev D, Eissa M, Schur D Heliyon. 2024; 10(12):e33282.

PMID: 39022089 PMC: 11253536. DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33282.

Hydrophilization and Functionalization of Fullerene C with Maleic Acid Copolymers by Forming a Non-Covalent Complex.

Samoilova N, Krayukhina M, Klemenkova Z, Naumkin A, Buzin M, Mezhuev Y Polymers (Basel). 2024; 16(12).

PMID: 38932086 PMC: 11207209. DOI: 10.3390/polym16121736.

Unveiling the regioselectivity of rhodium(I)-catalyzed [2 + 2 + 2] cycloaddition reactions for open-cage C production.

Castanyer C, Pla-Quintana A, Roglans A, Artigas A, Sola M Beilstein J Org Chem. 2024; 20:272-279.

PMID: 38379734 PMC: 10877076. DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.20.28.

Novel biocatalysts based on enzymes in complexes with nano- and micromaterials.

Holyavka M, Goncharova S, Redko Y, Lavlinskaya M, Sorokin A, Artyukhov V Biophys Rev. 2023; 15(5):1127-1158.

PMID: 37975005 PMC: 10643816. DOI: 10.1007/s12551-023-01146-6.

References

Chuvilin A, Kaiser U, Bichoutskaia E, Besley N, Khlobystov A . Direct transformation of graphene to fullerene. Nat Chem. 2010; 2(6):450-3. DOI: 10.1038/nchem.644. View

Xu W, Feng L, Calvaresi M, Liu J, Liu Y, Niu B . An experimentally observed trimetallofullerene Sm3@I(h)-C80: encapsulation of three metal atoms in a cage without a nonmetallic mediator. J Am Chem Soc. 2013; 135(11):4187-90. DOI: 10.1021/ja400490u. View

Melin F, Chaur M, Engmann S, Elliott B, Kumbhar A, Athans A . The large Nd3N@C2n (40</=n</=49) cluster fullerene family: preferential templating of a C88 cage by a trimetallic nitride cluster. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2007; 46(47):9032-5. DOI: 10.1002/anie.200703489. View

Sariciftci N, Smilowitz L, Heeger A, Wudl F . Photoinduced electron transfer from a conducting polymer to buckminsterfullerene. Science. 1992; 258(5087):1474-6. DOI: 10.1126/science.258.5087.1474. View

Torres V, Posa M, Srdjenovic B, Simplicio A . Solubilization of fullerene C60 in micellar solutions of different solubilizers. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces. 2010; 82(1):46-53. DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2010.08.012. View

Beavers C, Chaur M, Olmstead M, Echegoyen L, Balch A . Large metal ions in a relatively small fullerene cage: the structure of Gd3N@C2(22010)-C78 departs from the isolated pentagon rule. J Am Chem Soc. 2009; 131(32):11519-24. DOI: 10.1021/ja903741r. View

Iskin B, Yilmaz G, Yagci Y . Mono-addition synthesis of polystyrene-fullerene (C60) conjugates by thiol-ene chemistry. Chemistry. 2012; 18(33):10254-7. DOI: 10.1002/chem.201200534. View

Chen C, Abella L, Ceron M, Guerrero-Ayala M, Rodriguez-Fortea A, Olmstead M . Zigzag ScC Carbide Cluster inside a [88]Fullerene Cage with One Heptagon, ScC@C(hept)-C: A Kinetically Trapped Fullerene Formed by C Insertion?. J Am Chem Soc. 2016; 138(39):13030-13037. DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b07912. View

Irle S, Zheng G, Wang Z, Morokuma K . The C60 formation puzzle "solved": QM/MD simulations reveal the shrinking hot giant road of the dynamic fullerene self-assembly mechanism. J Phys Chem B. 2006; 110(30):14531-45. DOI: 10.1021/jp061173z. View

10.

Beavers C, Zuo T, Duchamp J, Harich K, Dorn H, Olmstead M . Tb3N@C84: an improbable, egg-shaped endohedral fullerene that violates the isolated pentagon rule. J Am Chem Soc. 2006; 128(35):11352-3. DOI: 10.1021/ja063636k. View

11.

Yang S, Popov A, Dunsch L . The role of an asymmetric nitride cluster on a fullerene cage: the non-IPR endohedral DySc2N@C76. J Phys Chem B. 2007; 111(49):13659-63. DOI: 10.1021/jp709650d. View

12.

Lee K, Chen Y, Wang C, Huang J, Cho E . Refluxed Esterification of Fullerene-Conjugated P25 TiO Promotes Free Radical Scavenging Capacity and Facilitates Antiaging Potentials in Human Cells. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2018; 11(1):311-319. DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b18253. View

13.

Zygouri P, Spyrou K, Mitsari E, Barrio M, Macovez R, Patila M . A facile approach to hydrophilic oxidized fullerenes and their derivatives as cytotoxic agents and supports for nanobiocatalytic systems. Sci Rep. 2020; 10(1):8244. PMC: 7237490. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65117-7. View

14.

Popov A, Dunsch L . Structure, stability, and cluster-cage interactions in nitride clusterfullerenes M3N@C2n (M = Sc, Y; 2n = 68-98): a density functional theory study. J Am Chem Soc. 2007; 129(38):11835-49. DOI: 10.1021/ja073809l. View

15.

Lu X, Slanina Z, Akasaka T, Tsuchiya T, Mizorogi N, Nagase S . Yb@C2n (n = 40, 41, 42): new fullerene allotropes with unexplored electrochemical properties. J Am Chem Soc. 2010; 132(16):5896-905. DOI: 10.1021/ja101131e. View

16.

Cardona C, Kitaygorodskiy A, Echegoyen L . Trimetallic nitride endohedral metallofullerenes: reactivity dictated by the encapsulated metal cluster. J Am Chem Soc. 2005; 127(29):10448-53. DOI: 10.1021/ja052153y. View

17.

Seyler H, Wong W, Jones D, Holmes A . Continuous flow synthesis of fullerene derivatives. J Org Chem. 2011; 76(9):3551-6. DOI: 10.1021/jo2001879. View

18.

Saito Y, Ohta H, Jinno K . Chromatographic separation of fullerenes. Anal Chem. 2004; 76(15):266A-272A. DOI: 10.1021/ac041599e. View

19.

Wu B, Hu J, Cui P, Jiang L, Chen Z, Zhang Q . Visible-Light Photoexcited Electron Dynamics of Scandium Endohedral Metallofullerenes: The Cage Symmetry and Substituent Effects. J Am Chem Soc. 2015; 137(27):8769-74. DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b03612. View

20.

Popov A, Dunsch L . Hindered cluster rotation and 45Sc hyperfine splitting constant in distonoid anion radical Sc3N@C80-, and spatial spin-charge separation as a general principle for anions of endohedral fullerenes with metal-localized lowest unoccupied molecular.... J Am Chem Soc. 2008; 130(52):17726-42. DOI: 10.1021/ja804226a. View