Coenzyme Q10 Metabolism: A Review of Unresolved Issues

Overview

Journal Int J Mol Sci

Publisher MDPI

Specialties Biochemistry
Chemistry
Molecular Biology

Date 2023 Feb 11

PMID 36768907

Authors

David Mantle

Guillermo Lopez-Lluch

Iain Parry Hargreaves

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

The variable success in the outcome of randomised controlled trials supplementing coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) may in turn be associated with a number of currently unresolved issues relating to CoQ10 metabolism. In this article, we have reviewed what is currently known about these factors and where gaps in knowledge exist that need to be further elucidated. Issues addressed include (i) whether the bioavailability of CoQ10 could be improved; (ii) whether CoQ10 could be administered intravenously; (iii) whether CoQ10 could be administered via alternative routes; (iv) whether CoQ10 can cross the blood-brain barrier; (v) how CoQ10 is transported into and within target cells; (vi) why some clinical trials supplementing CoQ10 may have been unsuccessful; and (vii) which is the most appropriate tissue for the clinical assessment of CoQ10 status.

Citing Articles

Spatial mapping of dextran sodium sulphate-induced intestinal inflammation and its systemic effects.

Adams L, Rasid O, Hulme H, Quon T, Burchmore R, Milling S FASEB J. 2025; 39(4):e70415.

PMID: 39989432 PMC: 11848815. DOI: 10.1096/fj.202402780R.

Current global vitamin and cofactor prescribing practices for primary mitochondrial diseases: Results of a European reference network survey.

Neugebauer J, Reinson K, Bellusci M, Park J, Hikmat O, Bertini E J Inherit Metab Dis. 2024; 48(1):e12805.

PMID: 39529390 PMC: 11670042. DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12805.

Nano-Formulations of Natural Antioxidants for the Treatment of Liver Cancer.

Cristani M, Citarella A, Carnamucio F, Micale N Biomolecules. 2024; 14(8).

PMID: 39199418 PMC: 11352298. DOI: 10.3390/biom14081031.

Associations between Long-Term Dietary Coenzyme Q10 Intake and New-Onset Hypertension in Adults: Insights from a Nationwide Prospective Cohort Study.

Zhao D, Tian Z, Kuang H, Xu Y, Zheng Y, Zhong Z Nutrients. 2024; 16(15).

PMID: 39125357 PMC: 11313835. DOI: 10.3390/nu16152478.

Efficacy and Safety of Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation in Neonates, Infants and Children: An Overview.

Mantle D, Hargreaves I Antioxidants (Basel). 2024; 13(5).

PMID: 38790635 PMC: 11117623. DOI: 10.3390/antiox13050530.

References

Hargreaves I, Lane A, Sleiman P . The coenzyme Q10 status of the brain regions of Parkinson's disease patients. Neurosci Lett. 2008; 447(1):17-9. DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2008.09.069. View

Paredes-Fuentes A, Montero R, Codina A, Jou C, Fernandez G, Maynou J . Coenzyme Q Treatment Monitoring in Different Human Biological Samples. Antioxidants (Basel). 2020; 9(10). PMC: 7601005. DOI: 10.3390/antiox9100979. View

Takahashi K, Ohsawa I, Shirasawa T, Takahashi M . Early-onset motor impairment and increased accumulation of phosphorylated α-synuclein in the motor cortex of normal aging mice are ameliorated by coenzyme Q. Exp Gerontol. 2016; 81:65-75. DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2016.04.023. View

Crooks S, Bech S, Halling J, Christiansen D, Ritz B, Petersen M . Carnitine levels and mutations in the SLC22A5 gene in Faroes patients with Parkinson's disease. Neurosci Lett. 2018; 675:116-119. DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.03.064. View

Alcazar-Fabra M, Rodriguez-Sanchez F, Trevisson E, Brea-Calvo G . Primary Coenzyme Q deficiencies: A literature review and online platform of clinical features to uncover genotype-phenotype correlations. Free Radic Biol Med. 2021; 167:141-180. DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.02.046. View

Mortensen S, Rosenfeldt F, Kumar A, Dolliner P, Filipiak K, Pella D . The effect of coenzyme Q10 on morbidity and mortality in chronic heart failure: results from Q-SYMBIO: a randomized double-blind trial. JACC Heart Fail. 2014; 2(6):641-9. DOI: 10.1016/j.jchf.2014.06.008. View

Wakade C, Chong R . A novel treatment target for Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Sci. 2014; 347(1-2):34-8. DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2014.10.024. View

Lee P, Ulatowski L . Vitamin E: Mechanism of transport and regulation in the CNS. IUBMB Life. 2018; 71(4):424-429. DOI: 10.1002/iub.1993. View

Takada M, Watanabe J . A possible mode of solubilization of coenzyme Q10 with HCO-60. J Pharmacobiodyn. 1987; 10(3):124-7. DOI: 10.1248/bpb1978.10.124. View

10.

Judy W . The Instability of the Lipid-Soluble Antioxidant Ubiquinol: Part 2-Dog Studies. Integr Med (Encinitas). 2021; 20(5):26-30. PMC: 8594965. View

11.

Niklowitz P, Menke T, Andler W, Okun J . Simultaneous analysis of coenzyme Q10 in plasma, erythrocytes and platelets: comparison of the antioxidant level in blood cells and their environment in healthy children and after oral supplementation in adults. Clin Chim Acta. 2004; 342(1-2):219-26. DOI: 10.1016/j.cccn.2003.12.020. View

12.

Lopez-Lluch G, Del Pozo-Cruz J, Sanchez-Cuesta A, Cortes-Rodriguez A, Navas P . Bioavailability of coenzyme Q10 supplements depends on carrier lipids and solubilization. Nutrition. 2018; 57:133-140. DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2018.05.020. View

13.

Hanioka T, Tanaka M, Ojima M, Shizukuishi S, Folkers K . Effect of topical application of coenzyme Q10 on adult periodontitis. Mol Aspects Med. 1994; 15 Suppl:s241-8. DOI: 10.1016/0098-2997(94)90034-5. View

14.

Jin G, Kubo H, Kashiba M, Horinouchi R, Hasegawa M, Suzuki M . Saposin B is a human coenzyme q10-binding/transfer protein. J Clin Biochem Nutr. 2008; 42(2):167-74. PMC: 2266064. DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.2008024. View

15.

Elshamy A, Salem O, Safa M, Barhoma R, Eltabaa E, Shalaby A . Possible protective effects of CO Q10 against vincristine-induced peripheral neuropathy: Targeting oxidative stress, inflammation, and sarmoptosis. J Biochem Mol Toxicol. 2021; 36(3):e22976. DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22976. View

16.

Ogasahara S, Engel A, Frens D, Mack D . Muscle coenzyme Q deficiency in familial mitochondrial encephalomyopathy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989; 86(7):2379-82. PMC: 286916. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.86.7.2379. View

17.

Yokoyama H, Lingle D, Crestanello J, Kamelgard J, Kott B, Momeni R . Coenzyme Q10 protects coronary endothelial function from ischemia reperfusion injury via an antioxidant effect. Surgery. 1996; 120(2):189-96. DOI: 10.1016/s0039-6060(96)80287-x. View

18.

Choi J, Park J, Park J . Design of Coenzyme Q10 solid dispersion for improved solubilization and stability. Int J Pharm. 2019; 572:118832. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118832. View

19.

Folkers K, Vadhanavikit S, Mortensen S . Biochemical rationale and myocardial tissue data on the effective therapy of cardiomyopathy with coenzyme Q10. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1985; 82(3):901-4. PMC: 397155. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.82.3.901. View

20.

Schinkel . P-Glycoprotein, a gatekeeper in the blood-brain barrier. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2000; 36(2-3):179-194. DOI: 10.1016/s0169-409x(98)00085-4. View