Novel Method for the Production of Titanium Foams to Reduce Stress Shielding in Implants

Overview

Journal ACS Omega

Publisher American Chemical Society

Specialty Chemistry

Date 2023 Jan 23

PMID 36687080

Authors

Khurram Yaqoob

Izza Amjad

Muhammad Awais Munir Awan

Usman Liaqat

Muhammad Zahoor

Muhammad Kashif

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Titanium foams have potential applications in orthopedic and dental implants because of their low elastic modulus and good bone in-growth properties. In the present study, a novel method for the preparation of three-dimensional interconnected microporous titanium foams has been developed. This method is based on the insertion of a filler metal into the titanium metal by arc melting, followed by its removal by an electrochemical dealloying process for the development of foams. Complete removal of the filler metal by the electrochemical dealloying process was confirmed by an X-ray diffractometry (XRD) analysis, whereas scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis of the developed foams showed the development of interconnected porosity. Ti foams with different levels of porosities were successfully developed by varying the amount of the filler metal. Mechanical and thermal characterizations of the developed foams were carried out using compression testing and laser flash apparatus, respectively. The yield strength and elastic modulus of the developed foams were found to decrease by increasing the volume fraction of pores. The elastic modulus of the developed titanium foams (15.5-36 GPa) was found to be closer to that of human bones, whereas their yield strength (147-170 MPa) remained higher than that of human bones. It is therefore believed that the developed Ti foams can help in reducing the problem of stress shielding observed in orthopedic implants. The thermal diffusivity of the developed foams (4.3-0.69 mm/s) was found to be very close to that of human dentine.

Citing Articles

Development of Tailored Porous Ti6Al4V Materials by Extrusion 3D Printing.

Olmos L, Gonzalez-Pedraza A, Vergara-Hernandez H, Bouvard D, Lopez-Cornejo M, Servin-Castaneda R Materials (Basel). 2025; 18(2.

PMID: 39859863 PMC: 11767217. DOI: 10.3390/ma18020389.

Exploring the frontiers of metal additive manufacturing in orthopaedic implant development.

Kennedy S, A V, K A MethodsX. 2025; 13():103056.

PMID: 39807428 PMC: 11725976. DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2024.103056.

Finite element modeling of stress distribution and safety factors in a Ti-27Nb alloy hip implant under real-world physiological loading scenarios.

Amjad M, Badshah S, Ahmad S, Badshah M, Jan S, Yasir M PLoS One. 2024; 19(8):e0300270.

PMID: 39106270 PMC: 11302931. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0300270.

Numerical investigation of the optimal porosity of titanium foam for dental implants.

Farroukh H, Kaddah F, Wehbe T Heliyon. 2024; 10(6):e28063.

PMID: 38515722 PMC: 10956072. DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28063.

Influence of Ultrasound on the Characteristics of CaP Coatings Generated Via the Micro-arc Oxidation Process in Relation to Biomedical Engineering.

Makurat-Kasprolewicz B, Wekwejt M, Ronowska A, Gajowiec G, Grodzicka M, Dzionk S ACS Biomater Sci Eng. 2024; 10(4):2100-2115.

PMID: 38502729 PMC: 11005015. DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c01433.

References

WHITE E, Weber J, Roy D, Owen E, Chiroff R, White R . Replamineform porous biomaterials for hard tissue implant applications. J Biomed Mater Res. 1975; 9(4):23-7. DOI: 10.1002/jbm.820090406. View

Frenkel S, Jaffe W, Dimaano F, Iesaka K, Hua T . Bone response to a novel highly porous surface in a canine implantable chamber. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater. 2004; 71(2):387-91. DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.30104. View

Escalas F, Galante J, Rostoker W . Biocompatibility of materials for total joint replacement. J Biomed Mater Res. 1976; 10(2):175-95. DOI: 10.1002/jbm.820100203. View

Muller U, Imwinkelried T, Horst M, Sievers M, Graf-Hausner U . Do human osteoblasts grow into open-porous titanium?. Eur Cell Mater. 2006; 11:8-15. DOI: 10.22203/ecm.v011a02. View

Mullen L, Stamp R, Brooks W, Jones E, Sutcliffe C . Selective Laser Melting: a regular unit cell approach for the manufacture of porous, titanium, bone in-growth constructs, suitable for orthopedic applications. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater. 2008; 89(2):325-334. DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.31219. View

Wen C, Yamada Y, Shimojima K, Chino Y, Asahina T, Mabuchi M . Processing and mechanical properties of autogenous titanium implant materials. J Mater Sci Mater Med. 2004; 13(4):397-401. DOI: 10.1023/a:1014344819558. View

Gross S, Abel E . A finite element analysis of hollow stemmed hip prostheses as a means of reducing stress shielding of the femur. J Biomech. 2001; 34(8):995-1003. DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9290(01)00072-0. View

Xue W, Krishna B, Bandyopadhyay A, Bose S . Processing and biocompatibility evaluation of laser processed porous titanium. Acta Biomater. 2007; 3(6):1007-18. DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2007.05.009. View

Head W, Bauk D, Emerson Jr R . Titanium as the material of choice for cementless femoral components in total hip arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1995; (311):85-90. View

10.

Navarro M, Michiardi A, Castano O, Planell J . Biomaterials in orthopaedics. J R Soc Interface. 2008; 5(27):1137-58. PMC: 2706047. DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2008.0151. View

11.

Kokubo T, Kim H, Kawashita M . Novel bioactive materials with different mechanical properties. Biomaterials. 2003; 24(13):2161-75. DOI: 10.1016/s0142-9612(03)00044-9. View

12.

Huiskes R, Weinans H, van Rietbergen B . The relationship between stress shielding and bone resorption around total hip stems and the effects of flexible materials. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1992; (274):124-34. View

13.

STANLEY H, Hall M, Clark A, King 3rd C, Hench L, Berte J . Using 45S5 bioglass cones as endosseous ridge maintenance implants to prevent alveolar ridge resorption: a 5-year evaluation. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 1997; 12(1):95-105. View

14.

Cameron H, Macnab I, Pilliar R . A porous metal system for joint replacement surgery. Int J Artif Organs. 1978; 1(2):104-9. View

15.

Oshida Y, Tuna E, Aktoren O, Gencay K . Dental implant systems. Int J Mol Sci. 2010; 11(4):1580-678. PMC: 2871132. DOI: 10.3390/ijms11041580. View

16.

El-Ghannam A . Bone reconstruction: from bioceramics to tissue engineering. Expert Rev Med Devices. 2005; 2(1):87-101. DOI: 10.1586/17434440.2.1.87. View

17.

Xie C, Li H, Yuan B, Gao Y, Luo Z, Zhu M . TiSn-NiTi Syntactic Foams with Extremely High Specific Strength and Damping Capacity Fabricated by Pressure Melt Infiltration. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2019; 11(31):28043-28051. DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b08145. View

18.

Singh R, Lee P, Lindley T, Dashwood R, Ferrie E, Imwinkelried T . Characterization of the structure and permeability of titanium foams for spinal fusion devices. Acta Biomater. 2008; 5(1):477-87. DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2008.06.014. View

19.

Robertson D, Pierre L, Chahal R . Preliminary observations of bone ingrowth into porous materials. J Biomed Mater Res. 1976; 10(3):335-44. DOI: 10.1002/jbm.820100304. View

20.

de Groot K . Bone induction by allogenous rat dentine implanted subcutaneously. Arch Oral Biol. 1974; 19(6):477-9. DOI: 10.1016/0003-9969(74)90155-1. View