Adaptation and Validation of the Chinese Version of the Central Sensitisation Inventory in Patients with Chronic Pain

Overview

Journal Gen Psychiatr

Specialty Psychiatry

Date 2023 Jan 19

PMID 36654666

Authors

Dongfeng Liang

Xiangli Yu

Xiaojie Guo

Jie Zhang

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Background: The 25-item Central Sensitisation Inventory (CSI-25) is a patient-reported instrument used to screen patients at risk of central sensitisation, a pathophysiological mechanism implicated in many chronic pain syndromes.

Aims: To adapt and validate a Chinese version of the CSI-25 in the Chinese population.

Methods: The Chinese CSI-25 was developed by the translation of the original English version, back translation, cultural adaptation and revision using the Delphi method. The Chinese CSI-25 was administered to 237 patients with chronic pain and 55 healthy controls. Structural validity (confirmatory factor analysis), construct validity (correlations with other instruments), test-retest reliability and internal consistency were evaluated.

Results: Confirmatory factor analysis extracted four main factors ('physical symptoms', 'emotional distress', 'headache/jaw symptoms' and 'urological symptoms'). The Chinese CSI-25 score was positively correlated with the Pain Catastrophic Scale (PCS) total score (r=0.709), PCS subscale scores (r=0.630-0.695), Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) mean item score (r=0.773), BPI total score (r=0.773) and the number of painful sites (r=0.636). The Chinese CSI-25 had excellent test-retest reliability (intragroup correlation coefficient=0.975) and good internal consistency (Cronbach's α=0.930 in the overall population and 0.882 in the chronic pain population).

Conclusions: The Chinese CSI-25 had excellent test-retest reliability and satisfactory structural validity and construct validity. This instrument could potentially be used in China as a self-report questionnaire in both clinical practice and research settings.

Citing Articles

Blink rate during saccadic eye movements: insights from patients with chronic pain.

Stefanescu E, Strilciuc S, Chelaru V, Chira D, Muresanu D J Med Life. 2024; 17(3):368-374.

PMID: 39044929 PMC: 11262601. DOI: 10.25122/jml-2024-0271.

Correlations of The Central Sensitization Inventory, conditioned pain modulation, cognitions and psychological factors in individuals with chronic neck pain: A cross-sectional study.

He Y, Wang J, Zhao P, Wang R, Li M Pain Ther. 2024; 13(4):843-856.

PMID: 38789828 PMC: 11254877. DOI: 10.1007/s40122-024-00601-w.

Intermediary roles of prospective memory and retrospective memory in the comorbidity of depression and pain.

Gao H, Xia Q, Zhang X, Chen Y, Yan J, Gao J Gen Psychiatr. 2023; 36(1):e100895.

PMID: 36844966 PMC: 9950883. DOI: 10.1136/gpsych-2022-100895.

Special issue for psychosomatic medicine.

Jiang W, Lu Z, Yuan Y Gen Psychiatr. 2022; 35(5):e100961.

PMID: 36506888 PMC: 9676998. DOI: 10.1136/gpsych-2022-100961.

References

Crofford L . Chronic Pain: Where the Body Meets the Brain. Trans Am Clin Climatol Assoc. 2015; 126:167-83. PMC: 4530716. View

Mayer T, Neblett R, Cohen H, Howard K, Choi Y, Williams M . The development and psychometric validation of the central sensitization inventory. Pain Pract. 2011; 12(4):276-85. PMC: 3248986. DOI: 10.1111/j.1533-2500.2011.00493.x. View

Weaver K, Griffioen M, Klinedinst N, Galik E, Duarte A, Colloca L . Quantitative Sensory Testing Across Chronic Pain Conditions and Use in Special Populations. Front Pain Res (Lausanne). 2022; 2:779068. PMC: 8915716. DOI: 10.3389/fpain.2021.779068. View

Koo T, Li M . A Guideline of Selecting and Reporting Intraclass Correlation Coefficients for Reliability Research. J Chiropr Med. 2016; 15(2):155-63. PMC: 4913118. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcm.2016.02.012. View

Feng B, Hu X, Lu W, Wang Y, Ip W . Cultural Validation of the Chinese Central Sensitization Inventory in Patients with Chronic Pain and its Predictive Ability of Comorbid Central Sensitivity Syndromes. J Pain Res. 2022; 15:467-477. PMC: 8857991. DOI: 10.2147/JPR.S348842. View

Orhan C, Van Looveren E, Cagnie B, Mukhtar N, Lenoir D, Meeus M . Are Pain Beliefs, Cognitions, and Behaviors Influenced by Race, Ethnicity, and Culture in Patients with Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain: A Systematic Review. Pain Physician. 2018; 21(6):541-558. View

Siracusa R, Di Paola R, Cuzzocrea S, Impellizzeri D . Fibromyalgia: Pathogenesis, Mechanisms, Diagnosis and Treatment Options Update. Int J Mol Sci. 2021; 22(8). PMC: 8068842. DOI: 10.3390/ijms22083891. View

Midenfjord I, Grinsvall C, Koj P, Carnerup I, Tornblom H, Simren M . Central sensitization and severity of gastrointestinal symptoms in irritable bowel syndrome, chronic pain syndromes, and inflammatory bowel disease. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2021; 33(12):e14156. DOI: 10.1111/nmo.14156. View

Sharma S, Abbott J, Jensen M . Why clinicians should consider the role of culture in chronic pain. Braz J Phys Ther. 2018; 22(5):345-346. PMC: 6157457. DOI: 10.1016/j.bjpt.2018.07.002. View

10.

Bilika P, Neblett R, Georgoudis G, Dimitriadis Z, Fandridis E, Strimpakos N . Cross-cultural Adaptation and Psychometric Properties of the Greek Version of the Central Sensitization Inventory. Pain Pract. 2019; 20(2):188-196. DOI: 10.1111/papr.12843. View

11.

Yongjun Z, Tingjie Z, Xiaoqiu Y, Zhiying F, Feng Q, Guangke X . A survey of chronic pain in China. Libyan J Med. 2020; 15(1):1730550. PMC: 7048183. DOI: 10.1080/19932820.2020.1730550. View

12.

Cohen S, Vase L, Hooten W . Chronic pain: an update on burden, best practices, and new advances. Lancet. 2021; 397(10289):2082-2097. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00393-7. View

13.

Neblett R, Cohen H, Choi Y, Hartzell M, Williams M, Mayer T . The Central Sensitization Inventory (CSI): establishing clinically significant values for identifying central sensitivity syndromes in an outpatient chronic pain sample. J Pain. 2013; 14(5):438-45. PMC: 3644381. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2012.11.012. View

14.

Kregel J, Vuijk P, Descheemaeker F, Keizer D, van der Noord R, Nijs J . The Dutch Central Sensitization Inventory (CSI): Factor Analysis, Discriminative Power, and Test-Retest Reliability. Clin J Pain. 2015; 32(7):624-30. DOI: 10.1097/AJP.0000000000000306. View

15.

Cuesta-Vargas A, Roldan-Jimenez C, Neblett R, Gatchel R . Cross-cultural adaptation and validity of the Spanish central sensitization inventory. Springerplus. 2016; 5(1):1837. PMC: 5074937. DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-3515-4. View

16.

Duzce Keles E, Birtane M, Ekuklu G, Kilincer C, Caliyurt O, Tastekin N . Validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the central sensitization inventory. Arch Rheumatol. 2022; 36(4):518-526. PMC: 8957757. DOI: 10.46497/ArchRheumatol.2022.8665. View

17.

Campi L, Visscher C, Ongaro P, do Vale Braido G, Fernandes G, Godoi Goncalves D . Widespread Pain and Central Sensitization in Adolescents with Signs of Painful Temporomandibular Disorders. J Oral Facial Pain Headache. 2019; 34(1):83–91. DOI: 10.11607/ofph.2288. View

18.

Beaton D, Bombardier C, Guillemin F, Ferraz M . Guidelines for the process of cross-cultural adaptation of self-report measures. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2000; 25(24):3186-91. DOI: 10.1097/00007632-200012150-00014. View

19.

Tanaka K, Nishigami T, Mibu A, Manfuku M, Yono S, Shinohara Y . Validation of the Japanese version of the Central Sensitization Inventory in patients with musculoskeletal disorders. PLoS One. 2017; 12(12):e0188719. PMC: 5720706. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188719. View

20.

Chiarotto A, Viti C, Sulli A, Cutolo M, Testa M, Piscitelli D . Cross-cultural adaptation and validity of the Italian version of the Central Sensitization Inventory. Musculoskelet Sci Pract. 2018; 37:20-28. DOI: 10.1016/j.msksp.2018.06.005. View