DNA/Protein Binding and Apoptotic-Induced Anticancer Property of a First Time Reported Quercetin-Iron(III) Complex Having a Secondary Anionic Residue: A Combined Experimental and Theoretical Approach

A new quercetin-based iron(III) cationic complex [Fe()Cl(HO)(MeO)] (complex ) is created in the current study by condensation of quercetin with ferric chloride in the presence of EtN. Comprehensive spectroscopic analysis and conductometric measurement are used to pinpoint complex . The generated complex's +3-oxidation state has been verified by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) research. Density functional theory analysis was used to structurally optimize the structure of complex . Before biomedical use, a variety of biophysical studies are implemented to evaluate the binding capacity of complex with DNA and human serum albumin (HSA) protein. The findings of the electronic titration between complex and DNA, as well as the stunning fall in the fluorescence intensities of the HSA and EtBr-DNA/DAPI-DNA domain after complex is gradually added, give us confidence that complex has a strong affinity for both macromolecules. It is interesting to note that the displacement experiment confirms partial intercalation as well as the groove binding mechanism of the title complex with DNA. The time-dependent fluorescence analysis indicates that after interaction with complex , HSA will exhibit static quenching. The thermodynamic parameter values in the HSA-complex interaction provide evidence for the hydrophobicity-induced pathway leading to spontaneous protein-complex interaction. The two macromolecules' configurations are verified to be preserved when they are associated with complex , and this is done via circular dichroism spectral titration. The molecular docking investigation, which is a theoretical experiment, provides complete support for the experimental findings. The potential of the investigated complex to be an anticancer drug has been examined by employing the MTT assay technique, which is carried out on HeLa cancer cell lines and HEK-293 normal cell lines. The MTT assay results validate the ability of complex to display significant anticancer properties. Finally, by using the AO/PI staining approach, the apoptotic-induced cell-killing mechanism as well as the detection of cell morphological changes has been confirmed.