Equine Herpesvirus Type 1 Myeloencephalitis in the Brazilian Amazon

Overview

Journal Animals (Basel)

Date 2023 Jan 8

PMID 36611668

Authors

Jose Diomedes Barbosa

Andre de Medeiros Costa Lins

Henrique Dos Anjos Bomjardim

Natalia da Silva E Silva Silveira

Camila Cordeiro Barbosa

Edsel Alves Beuttemmuller

Marilene Farias Brito

Felipe Masiero Salvarani

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

An investigative and epidemiological study was carried out for equine herpesvirus type 1 (HVE-1) in 10 outbreaks of neurological disease from different farms in the state of Pará, Brazil. 25 horses were studied: six male and 19 females, aged between one and 13 years. A necropsy of six horses was performed, and the others recovered either with or without treatment (T1-vitamin B1 + dexamentasone; T2-vitamin B1 + flunixim meglumine). Animals that received treatment recovered after eight days. The main clinical signs observed were motor incoordination, progressive paresis, thoracic and/or pelvic limbs abducted after induction of clinical examination, knuckling of the hind fetlocks, sagging and swaying of the hindquarters while standing or walking and paresis. All animals were positive: 88% (22/25) in nested PCR and 72% (18/25) in serum neutralization (including three negatives in serology). Focal brownish areas compatible with hemorrhage were found in the white and gray matter of the spinal cord of two animals. On histological analysis, there were perivasculitis and neutrophilic vasculitis in the gray matter of the spinal cord and brain. Based on the evidence, this work proves the circulation of HVE-1 in the Amazon biome, mainly in the state of Pará, Brazil.

References

Pusterla N, Hatch K, Crossley B, Wademan C, Barnum S, Flynn K . Equine herpesvirus-1 genotype did not significantly affect clinical signs and disease outcome in 65 horses diagnosed with equine herpesvirus-1 myeloencephalopathy. Vet J. 2020; 255:105407. DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2019.105407. View

Sebastiano M, Chastel O, De Thoisy B, Eens M, Costantini D . Oxidative stress favours herpes virus infection in vertebrates: a meta-analysis. Curr Zool. 2018; 62(4):325-332. PMC: 5829443. DOI: 10.1093/cz/zow019. View

Pusterla N, Mapes S, Wademan C, White A, Estell K, Swain E . Investigation of the role of mules as silent shedders of EHV-1 during an outbreak of EHV-1 myeloencephalopathy in California. Vet Rec. 2012; 170(18):465. DOI: 10.1136/vr.100598. View

Traub-Dargatz J, Pelzel-McCluskey A, Creekmore L, Geiser-Novotny S, Kasari T, Wiedenheft A . Case-control study of a multistate equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy outbreak. J Vet Intern Med. 2013; 27(2):339-46. DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12051. View

Borchers K, Slater J . A nested PCR for the detection and differentiation of EHV-1 and EHV-4. J Virol Methods. 1993; 45(3):331-6. DOI: 10.1016/0166-0934(93)90117-a. View

Baltrusch S . The Role of Neurotropic B Vitamins in Nerve Regeneration. Biomed Res Int. 2021; 2021:9968228. PMC: 8294980. DOI: 10.1155/2021/9968228. View

Vandenberghe E, Boshuizen B, Delesalle C, Goehring L, Groome K, van Maanen K . New Insights into the Management of an EHV-1 (Equine Hospital) Outbreak. Viruses. 2021; 13(8). PMC: 8402800. DOI: 10.3390/v13081429. View

Goehring L, Brandes K, Ashton L, Wittenburg L, Olea-Popelka F, Lunn D . Anti-inflammatory drugs decrease infection of brain endothelial cells with EHV-1 in vitro. Equine Vet J. 2016; 49(5):629-636. DOI: 10.1111/evj.12656. View

Studdert M, Hartley C, Dynon K, Sandy J, Slocombe R, Charles J . Outbreak of equine herpesvirus type 1 myeloencephalitis: new insights from virus identification by PCR and the application of an EHV-1-specific antibody detection ELISA. Vet Rec. 2003; 153(14):417-23. DOI: 10.1136/vr.153.14.417. View

10.

Mori E, Borges A, Delfiol D, Oliveira Filho J, Goncalves R, Cagnini D . First detection of the equine herpesvirus 1 neuropathogenic variant in Brazil. Rev Sci Tech. 2012; 30(3):949-54. DOI: 10.20506/rst.30.3.2090. View

11.

Holz C, Sledge D, Kiupel M, Nelli R, Goehring L, Soboll Hussey G . Histopathologic Findings Following Experimental Equine Herpesvirus 1 Infection of Horses. Front Vet Sci. 2019; 6:59. PMC: 6409500. DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00059. View

12.

Bryant N, Wilkie G, Russell C, Compston L, Grafham D, Clissold L . Genetic diversity of equine herpesvirus 1 isolated from neurological, abortigenic and respiratory disease outbreaks. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2018; 65(3):817-832. PMC: 5947664. DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12809. View

13.

Van Galen G, Leblond A, Tritz P, Martinelle L, Pronost S, Saegerman C . A retrospective study on equine herpesvirus type-1 associated myeloencephalopathy in France (2008-2011). Vet Microbiol. 2015; 179(3-4):304-9. DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.07.003. View

14.

Cruz F, Fores P, Mughini-Gras L, Ireland J, Moreno M, Newton J . Seroprevalence and factors associated with equine herpesvirus type 1 and 4 in Spanish Purebred horses in Spain. Vet Rec. 2016; 178(16):398. DOI: 10.1136/vr.103573. View

15.

Maxwell L, Bentz B, Gilliam L, Ritchey J, Pusterla N, Eberle R . Efficacy of the early administration of valacyclovir hydrochloride for the treatment of neuropathogenic equine herpesvirus type-1 infection in horses. Am J Vet Res. 2017; 78(10):1126-1139. PMC: 6440545. DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.78.10.1126. View

16.

McFadden A, Hanlon D, McKenzie R, Gibson I, Bueno I, Pulford D . The first reported outbreak of equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy in New Zealand. N Z Vet J. 2015; 64(2):125-34. DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2015.1096853. View

17.

Henninger R, Reed S, Saville W, Allen G, Hass G, Kohn C . Outbreak of neurologic disease caused by equine herpesvirus-1 at a university equestrian center. J Vet Intern Med. 2007; 21(1):157-65. DOI: 10.1892/0891-6640(2007)21[157:oondcb]2.0.co;2. View

18.

Barbic L, Lojkic I, Stevanovic V, Bedekovic T, Staresina V, Lemo N . Two outbreaks of neuropathogenic equine herpesvirus type 1 with breed-dependent clinical signs. Vet Rec. 2012; 170(9):227. DOI: 10.1136/vr.100150. View

19.

Mesquita L, Costa R, Zanatto D, Bruhn F, Mesquita L, Lara M . Equine herpesvirus 1 elicits a strong pro-inflammatory response in the brain of mice. J Gen Virol. 2021; 102(3). DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001556. View

20.

BOOM R, Sol C, Salimans M, Jansen C, van der Noordaa J . Rapid and simple method for purification of nucleic acids. J Clin Microbiol. 1990; 28(3):495-503. PMC: 269651. DOI: 10.1128/jcm.28.3.495-503.1990. View