Interleukin-10 Induces Expression of CD39 on CD8+T Cells to Potentiate Anti-PD1 Efficacy in EGFR-mutated Non-small Cell Lung Cancer

Background: Anti-PD-1(L1) therapies are less efficacious in patients with -mutated non-small-cell lung cancer. However, the underlying mechanism is poorly understood.

Methods: The characteristics of T cells in -mutated and wild-type tumors were analyzed based on The Cancer Genome Atlas database and clinical samples. Plasma levels of 8 T-cell-related cytokines were evaluated and its association with immunotherapy efficacy were explored. Association between EGFR signaling pathway and IL-10 was examined through tumor cell lines and clinical tumor samples. restimulation model of human CD8T cells isolated from peripheral blood was used to analyze the impact of IL-10 on T cells. Doxycycline-inducible transgenic mouse models were used to investigate the efficacy of combining recombinant mouse IL-10 protein and PD-1 blockade and its underlying mechanism .

Results: -mutated tumors showed a lack of CD8T cell infiltration and impaired CD8T cell cytotoxic function. The incompetent CD8T cells in -mutated tumors were characterized as absence of CD39 expression, which defined hallmarks of cytotoxic and exhausted features and could not be reinvigorated by anti-PD-1(L1) treatment. Instead, CD39 expression defined functional states of CD8T cells and was associated with the therapeutic response of anti-PD-1(L1) therapies. Mechanically, IL-10 upregulated CD39 expression and was limited in -mutated tumors. IL-10 induced hallmarks of CD8T cells immunity in CD39-dependent manner. Using autochthonous -driven lung cancer mouse models, combining recombinant mouse IL-10 protein and PD-1 blockade optimized antitumor effects in -mutated lung tumors.

Conclusions: Our study suggested that owing to low level of IL-10 to induce the expression of CD39 on CD8T cells, fewer phenotypically cytotoxic and exhausted CD39CD8T cells in -mutated tumors could be potentially reinvigorated by anti-PD-1(L1) treatment. Hence, IL-10 could potentially serve as a cytokine-based strategy to enhance efficacy of anti-PD-1(L1) treatment in -mutated tumors.