PADI1 and Its Co-Expressed Gene Signature Unveil Colorectal Cancer Prognosis and Immunotherapy Efficacy

Peptidyl arginine deiminase 1 (PADI1) catalyzes protein citrullination and has a role in regulating immune responses. The tumor immune microenvironment has been reported to be important in colorectal cancer (CRC), which was correlated with the ability of CRC patients to benefit from immunotherapy. However, there is a lack of molecular markers for matching CRC immunotherapy. Previously, single-gene risk models have only considered the effect of individual genes on intrinsic tumor properties, ignoring the role of genes and their co-expressed genes as a whole. In this study, we analyzed the differential expression of PADI1 in colorectal cancer (CRC). We found that PADI1 was highly expressed in CRC. Subgroup survival analysis revealed a prognostic survival difference for PADI1 in CRC patients aged less than 65 years, male, stage, N0, M0, and stage I-II ( < 0.05). In addition, we analyzed the functions and signaling pathways associated with PADI1 in CRC and found that it was highly enriched in several immune-related functions and pathways. Then, a set of PADI1 co-expressed genes (PCGs) risk-prognosis scores was developed with PADI1 as the core, which could accurately predict the prognosis of CRC ( < 0.05). PCGs risk score can be an independent prognostic factor for CRC. A new set of Norman plot models were developed for clinical characteristics with age, sex, and TNM stage, which can accurately predict CRC 1, 3, and 5 years survival, and calibration curves and decision curve analysis (DCA) validated the accuracy of the models. The risk score assessed the immune microenvironment of CRC and found that the immune score was higher in the low-risk group, and CD4+ T cells, helper T cells, and eosinophils were more infiltrated in the low-risk group ( < 0.05). Immunotherapy efficacy was better in the low-risk group ( < 0.05). The underlying mechanism may be that the high-risk group of PCGs was enriched in some pathways that promote immune escape and immune dysfunction. In conclusion, PCGs may better predict CRC prognosis and immunotherapeutic response.