Trends and Outcomes for Percutaneous Coronary Intervention and Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery in New South Wales from 2008 to 2019

Risk profiles are changing for patients who undergo percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). In Australia, little is known of the nature of these changes in contemporary practice and of the impact on patient outcomes. We identified all CABG (n = 40,805) and PCI (n = 142,399) procedures in patients aged ≥18 years in New South Wales, Australia, during 2008 to 2019. Between 2008 and 2019, the age- and gender-standardized revascularization rate increased by 20% (from 267/100,000 to 320/100,000 population) for all revascularizations. The increase in revascularization was particularly driven by a 35% increase (from 194/100,000 to 261/100,000) in PCI, whereas the rate of CABG decreased by 20% (from 73/100,000 to 59/100,000). Mean age and the prevalence of co-morbidities (especially diabetes and atrial fibrillation) increased for patients with PCI in more recent years but remained consistently lower than for patients with CABG. CABGs performed in patients presenting with a non-ST-segment-elevation acute coronary syndrome halved from 34.3% to 18.7% during the study period, whereas PCIs in this group decreased from 36.5% to 29.6%. Risk-adjusted in-hospital mortality decreased by 7.5 deaths/1,000 procedures per month for CABG but remained unchanged for PCI. Risk-adjusted readmission rates were consistently higher for CABG than for PCI and did not change significantly over time. In conclusion, we observed a dramatic shift over time from CABG to PCI as the revascularization procedure of choice, with the patient base for PCI extending to older and sicker patients. There was a large decrease in mortality after CABG, whereas mortality after PCI remained unchanged.