Conventional Vs. Green Extraction Using Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents-Differences in the Composition of Soluble Unbound Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Activity

Overview

Journal Antioxidants (Basel)

Date 2022 Nov 24

PMID 36421481

Authors

Milica Martinovic

Nemanja Krgovic

Ivana Nesic

Ana Zugic

Vanja Milija Tadic

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the use of green solvents, natural deep eutectic solvents (NaDES), in comparison with conventional solvents on the extraction of free unbound phenolic compounds and the antioxidant activity of extracts of dried bilberry fruit, bilberry leaves and green tea leaves. After preparation of the extracts via ultrasound-assisted extraction using NaDES and conventional solvents (water and ethanol), spectrophotometric determination of total phenolic and flavonoid content, HPLC analysis of extracted polyphenols and antioxidant determination using FRAP, DPPH and ABTS assays were conducted. The results showed that NaDES have a great potential as agents for the extraction of phenolic compounds with potent antioxidant activity; the highest values of phenolic content and antioxidant activity were detected in the samples obtained by extraction using the NaDES combination betaine + urea. The bilberry leaves exhibited the highest flavonoid content among all extracts and turned out to be more active than bilberry fruits, to which they are often just a by-product during processing. The most active extract of all was the betaine-urea green tea leaves extract. Further research into the most active NaDES extracts should be performed.

Citing Articles

Green Extraction of Antioxidant-Rich Flavonoids from Using Deep Eutectic Solvents.

Khan J, Asaf S, Lubna , Abdelbacki A, Jan R, Kim K Molecules. 2025; 30(4).

PMID: 40005126 PMC: 11858234. DOI: 10.3390/molecules30040813.

Plant-Based Sunscreen Emulgel: UV Boosting Effect of Bilberry and Green Tea NaDES Extracts.

Martinovic M, Nesic I, Bojovic D, Zugic A, Blagojevic S, Blagojevic S Gels. 2024; 10(12).

PMID: 39727583 PMC: 11675654. DOI: 10.3390/gels10120825.

An Eco-Friendly Supercritical CO Recovery of Value-Added Extracts from Leaves.

Kyriakoudi A, Mourtzinos I, Tyskiewicz K, Milovanovic S Foods. 2024; 13(12).

PMID: 38928778 PMC: 11202717. DOI: 10.3390/foods13121836.

References

Ruesgas-Ramon M, Figueroa-Espinoza M, Durand E . Application of Deep Eutectic Solvents (DES) for Phenolic Compounds Extraction: Overview, Challenges, and Opportunities. J Agric Food Chem. 2017; 65(18):3591-3601. DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b01054. View

Celleno L . Topical urea in skincare: A review. Dermatol Ther. 2018; 31(6):e12690. DOI: 10.1111/dth.12690. View

Xing C, Cui W, Zhang Y, Zou X, Hao J, Zheng S . Ultrasound-assisted deep eutectic solvents extraction of glabridin and isoliquiritigenin from Glycyrrhiza glabra: Optimization, extraction mechanism and in vitro bioactivities. Ultrason Sonochem. 2022; 83:105946. PMC: 8844873. DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2022.105946. View

Tadic V, Nesic I, Martinovic M, Roj E, Brasanac-Vukanovic S, Maksimovic S . Old Plant, New Possibilities: Wild Bilberry ( L., Ericaceae) in Topical Skin Preparation. Antioxidants (Basel). 2021; 10(3). PMC: 8002374. DOI: 10.3390/antiox10030465. View

Bi W, Tian M, Row K . Evaluation of alcohol-based deep eutectic solvent in extraction and determination of flavonoids with response surface methodology optimization. J Chromatogr A. 2013; 1285:22-30. DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.02.041. View

Suo H, Peng Z, Guo Z, Wu C, Liu J, Wang L . Deep eutectic solvent-based ultrasonic-assisted extraction of phenolic compounds from different potato genotypes: Comparison of free and bound phenolic profiles and antioxidant activity. Food Chem. 2022; 388:133058. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133058. View

Abbott A, Boothby D, Capper G, Davies D, Rasheed R . Deep eutectic solvents formed between choline chloride and carboxylic acids: versatile alternatives to ionic liquids. J Am Chem Soc. 2004; 126(29):9142-7. DOI: 10.1021/ja048266j. View

Jablonsky M, Skulcova A, Sima J . Use of Deep Eutectic Solvents in Polymer Chemistry-A Review. Molecules. 2019; 24(21). PMC: 6864848. DOI: 10.3390/molecules24213978. View

Benlebna M, Ruesgas-Ramon M, Bonafos B, Fouret G, Casas F, Coudray C . Toxicity of Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent Betaine:Glycerol in Rats. J Agric Food Chem. 2018; 66(24):6205-6212. DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b01746. View

10.

Sultana B, Anwar F, Ashraf M . Effect of extraction solvent/technique on the antioxidant activity of selected medicinal plant extracts. Molecules. 2009; 14(6):2167-80. PMC: 6254218. DOI: 10.3390/molecules14062167. View

11.

Salah N, Miller N, Paganga G, Tijburg L, Bolwell G . Polyphenolic flavanols as scavengers of aqueous phase radicals and as chain-breaking antioxidants. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1995; 322(2):339-46. DOI: 10.1006/abbi.1995.1473. View

12.

Caleja C, Ribeiro A, Barreiro M, Ferreira I . Phenolic Compounds as Nutraceuticals or Functional Food Ingredients. Curr Pharm Des. 2016; 23(19):2787-2806. DOI: 10.2174/1381612822666161227153906. View

13.

Shirzad H, Niknam V, Taheri M, Ebrahimzadeh H . Ultrasound-assisted extraction process of phenolic antioxidants from Olive leaves: a nutraceutical study using RSM and LC-ESI-DAD-MS. J Food Sci Technol. 2017; 54(8):2361-2371. PMC: 5502029. DOI: 10.1007/s13197-017-2676-7. View

14.

Tang B, Zhang H, Row K . Application of deep eutectic solvents in the extraction and separation of target compounds from various samples. J Sep Sci. 2015; 38(6):1053-64. DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201401347. View

15.

Vinatoru M . An overview of the ultrasonically assisted extraction of bioactive principles from herbs. Ultrason Sonochem. 2001; 8(3):303-13. DOI: 10.1016/s1350-4177(01)00071-2. View

16.

Lachenmeier D . Safety evaluation of topical applications of ethanol on the skin and inside the oral cavity. J Occup Med Toxicol. 2008; 3:26. PMC: 2596158. DOI: 10.1186/1745-6673-3-26. View

17.

Kudlak B, Owczarek K, Namiesnik J . Selected issues related to the toxicity of ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents--a review. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2015; 22(16):11975-92. DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4794-y. View

18.

Smith W . Comparative effectiveness of alpha-hydroxy acids on skin properties. Int J Cosmet Sci. 2009; 18(2):75-83. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-2494.1996.tb00137.x. View

19.

Kent K, Charlton K, Roodenrys S, Batterham M, Potter J, Traynor V . Consumption of anthocyanin-rich cherry juice for 12 weeks improves memory and cognition in older adults with mild-to-moderate dementia. Eur J Nutr. 2015; 56(1):333-341. DOI: 10.1007/s00394-015-1083-y. View

20.

Fanali C, Della Posta S, Dugo L, Gentili A, Mondello L, De Gara L . Choline-chloride and betaine-based deep eutectic solvents for green extraction of nutraceutical compounds from spent coffee ground. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2020; 189:113421. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113421. View