Risk Factors and Treatment Strategy for Retinal Vascular Occlusive Diseases

Overview

Journal J Clin Med

Specialty General Medicine

Date 2022 Nov 11

PMID 36362567

Authors

Ryo Terao

Ryosuke Fujino

Tazbir Ahmed

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Retinal occlusive diseases are common diseases that can lead to visual impairment. Retinal artery occlusion and retinal vein occlusion are included in the clinical entity, but they have quite different pathophysiologies. Retinal artery occlusion is an emergent eye disorder. Retinal artery occlusion is mainly caused by thromboembolism, which frequently occurs in conjunction with life-threatening stroke and cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, prompt examinations and interventions for systemic vascular diseases are often necessary for these patients. Retinal vein occlusion is characterized by retinal hemorrhage and ischemia, which may impair visual function via several complications such as macular edema, macular ischemia, vitreous hemorrhage, and neovascular glaucoma. Even though anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy is the current established first-line of treatment for retinal vein occlusion, several clinical studies have been performed to identify better treatment protocols and new therapeutic options. In this review, we summarize the current findings and advances in knowledge regarding retinal occlusive diseases, particularly focusing on recent studies, in order to provide an update for a better understanding of its pathogenesis.

Citing Articles

Identifying the Involvement of Gut Microbiota in Retinal Vein Occlusion by Mendelian Randomization and Genetic Correlation Analysis.

Lei S, Liu Y Transl Vis Sci Technol. 2025; 14(1):5.

PMID: 39786739 PMC: 11725986. DOI: 10.1167/tvst.14.1.5.

Nd:Yag Laser Transluminal Embolysis: A Therapeutic Approach in Retinal Artery Occlusion.

Tabacaru B, Abboud G, Munteanu M, Stanca S, Stanca H J Clin Med. 2025; 13(24.

PMID: 39768751 PMC: 11677157. DOI: 10.3390/jcm13247828.

Branch retinal artery occlusion in a young patient with Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser type 2 syndrome.

Bedwal A, Banerjee M, Rewri P Oman J Ophthalmol. 2024; 17(3):393-395.

PMID: 39651511 PMC: 11620319. DOI: 10.4103/ojo.ojo_48_24.

Is retinal vein occlusion highly associated with an increased risk of myocardial infarction? A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Chen K, Chan H, Chan C Int J Retina Vitreous. 2024; 10(1):86.

PMID: 39533338 PMC: 11556175. DOI: 10.1186/s40942-024-00606-9.

Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms Involved in the Pathophysiology of Retinal Vascular Disease-Interplay Between Inflammation and Oxidative Stress.

Srejovic J, Muric M, Jakovljevic V, Srejovic I, Sreckovic S, Petrovic N Int J Mol Sci. 2024; 25(21).

PMID: 39519401 PMC: 11546760. DOI: 10.3390/ijms252111850.

References

Brown D, Campochiaro P, Singh R, Li Z, Gray S, Saroj N . Ranibizumab for macular edema following central retinal vein occlusion: six-month primary end point results of a phase III study. Ophthalmology. 2010; 117(6):1124-1133.e1. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2010.02.022. View

Watson R, Wellings J, Hingorani R, Zhan T, Frisch D, Ho R . Atrial fibrillation post central retinal artery occlusion: Role of implantable loop recorders. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2020; 43(9):992-999. DOI: 10.1111/pace.13990. View

Kuppermann B, Blumenkranz M, Haller J, Williams G, Weinberg D, Chou C . Randomized controlled study of an intravitreous dexamethasone drug delivery system in patients with persistent macular edema. Arch Ophthalmol. 2007; 125(3):309-17. DOI: 10.1001/archopht.125.3.309. View

Wallsh J, Gallemore R . Anti-VEGF-Resistant Retinal Diseases: A Review of the Latest Treatment Options. Cells. 2021; 10(5). PMC: 8145407. DOI: 10.3390/cells10051049. View

Rufai S, Almuhtaseb H, Paul R, Stuart B, Kendrick T, Lee H . A systematic review to assess the 'treat-and-extend' dosing regimen for neovascular age-related macular degeneration using ranibizumab. Eye (Lond). 2017; 31(9):1337-1344. PMC: 5601449. DOI: 10.1038/eye.2017.67. View

Hayreh S, Zimmerman M, Podhajsky P . Hematologic abnormalities associated with various types of retinal vein occlusion. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2002; 240(3):180-96. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-001-0421-3. View

Laouri M, Chen E, Looman M, Gallagher M . The burden of disease of retinal vein occlusion: review of the literature. Eye (Lond). 2011; 25(8):981-8. PMC: 3178209. DOI: 10.1038/eye.2011.92. View

Fallico M, Lotery A, Longo A, Avitabile T, Bonfiglio V, Russo A . Risk of acute stroke in patients with retinal artery occlusion: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eye (Lond). 2019; 34(4):683-689. PMC: 7093449. DOI: 10.1038/s41433-019-0576-y. View

Feltgen N, Ogura Y, Boscia F, Holz F, Korobelnik J, Brown D . Impact of Baseline Retinal Nonperfusion and Macular Retinal Capillary Nonperfusion on Outcomes in the COPERNICUS and GALILEO Studies. Ophthalmol Retina. 2019; 3(7):553-560. DOI: 10.1016/j.oret.2019.02.010. View

10.

Jeeva-Patel T, Kabanovski A, Margolin E . Transient Monocular Visual Loss: When Is It an Emergency?. J Emerg Med. 2020; 60(2):192-196. DOI: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2020.10.013. View

11.

Chodnicki K, Tanke L, Pulido J, Hodge D, Klaas J, Olsen T . Stroke Risk before and after Central Retinal Artery Occlusion: A Population-based Analysis. Ophthalmology. 2021; 129(2):203-208. PMC: 8924643. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2021.07.017. View

12.

Woo S, Lip G, Lip P . Associations of retinal artery occlusion and retinal vein occlusion to mortality, stroke, and myocardial infarction: a systematic review. Eye (Lond). 2016; 30(8):1031-8. PMC: 4985669. DOI: 10.1038/eye.2016.111. View

13.

Ghanchi F, Bourne R, Downes S, Gale R, Rennie C, Tapply I . An update on long-acting therapies in chronic sight-threatening eye diseases of the posterior segment: AMD, DMO, RVO, uveitis and glaucoma. Eye (Lond). 2022; 36(6):1154-1167. PMC: 9151779. DOI: 10.1038/s41433-021-01766-w. View

14.

Lim S, Wong W, Seah I, Chan H, Su X, Lingam G . Treat and extend regimen for diabetic macular oedema-a systematic review and meta-analysis. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2022; 261(2):303-315. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-022-05770-y. View

15.

Querques G, Sacconi R, Borrelli E, Bandello F . Management of patients with macular oedema secondary to central retinal vein occlusion: new findings from SCORE2 and LEAVO studies. Eye (Lond). 2019; 34(2):215-216. PMC: 7002675. DOI: 10.1038/s41433-019-0708-4. View

16.

Olson E, Lentz K . Central Retinal Artery Occlusion: A Literature Review and the Rationale for Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy. Mo Med. 2016; 113(1):53-7. PMC: 6139730. View

17.

Korobelnik J, Larsen M, Eter N, Bailey C, Wolf S, Schmelter T . Efficacy and Safety of Intravitreal Aflibercept Treat-and-Extend for Macular Edema in Central Retinal Vein Occlusion: the CENTERA Study. Am J Ophthalmol. 2021; 227:106-115. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2021.01.027. View

18.

Rush R, Simunovic M, Aragon 2nd A, Ysasaga J . Treat-and-extend intravitreal bevacizumab for branch retinal vein occlusion. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina. 2014; 45(3):212-6. DOI: 10.3928/23258160-20140404-01. View

19.

Balaratnasingam C, Inoue M, Ahn S, McCann J, Dhrami-Gavazi E, Yannuzzi L . Visual Acuity Is Correlated with the Area of the Foveal Avascular Zone in Diabetic Retinopathy and Retinal Vein Occlusion. Ophthalmology. 2016; 123(11):2352-2367. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2016.07.008. View

20.

Invernizzi A, Torre A, Parrulli S, Zicarelli F, Schiuma M, Colombo V . Retinal findings in patients with COVID-19: Results from the SERPICO-19 study. EClinicalMedicine. 2020; 27:100550. PMC: 7502280. DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100550. View