Occupational Exposure to Livestock and Risk of Tuberculosis and Brucellosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Occupational diseases are caused by zoonotic pathogens, which spread to humans through various types and intensities of human-livestock contact at work. In the present era, human brucellosis and tuberculosis remain the predominant occupational diseases throughout the world. However, the actual percentage of reported cases that are acquired from various livestock-related occupational groups is not well known. Therefore, we carried out a systematic review and meta-analysis of previous scatter studies mentioned the occurrence of human brucellosis and tuberculosis. From 2000 to 2021, a computer search of PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, BioMed and Scopus was conducted and finally we found 71 studies (brucellosis = 54, tuberculosis = 17), which were included in this meta-analysis to calculate the aggregate prevalence using the random effects model. Moreover, statistic, Cochran's Q statistic heterogeneity and subgroup analysis were also performed. The analysis of the data showed that among the various livestock-related occupational groups, the global pooled prevalence of tuberculosis was 19% (95% CI: 09-30), which was higher than brucellosis 14% (95% CI: 10-18). In addition, North America and Africa were reported as the continents of the maximum prevalence rate of 25% (95% CI: -08-58) and 16% (95% CI: 11-21) for tuberculosis and brucellosis than the other continents. Afterwards, the individual's occupation was broken down into the following four groups: farm worker, livestock owner, livestock connected person and abattoir worker. The significant association was found between slaughterhouse workers and brucellosis prevalence (20%; 95% CI: 13-27) as well as the livestock owners and tuberculosis prevalence (28%; 95% CI: 06-50). Likely, a maximum prevalence of tuberculosis was documented among workers ages 20 to 49 years, and of brucellosis among those between the ages of 20 and 25, which suggests that age also had a role. Therefore, it is concluded that the livestock-related occupational groups were found to be at an increased risk of adverse zoonotic disease outcomes. Future studies could be focused on specific occupational group that are in high risk of disease transmission to minimize the effect of these two hazardous pathogens.