An Exploration of the Antecedents and Mechanisms Causing Athletes' Stress and Twisties Symptom

Research Background: Twisties symptoms have attracted the world's attention in the sports field since the 2020 Tokyo Olympics.

Aim: However, studies on the symptoms and causes, inducing mechanisms, and relationships between DP/DR (Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder) and anxiety and depression for athletes have been sparse for both the general population and athletes. The literature on the twisties issue of athletes is quite scarce in the past.

Research Method: Adopting the criteria appealing to PRISMA Items to review the subject twisties in a broader mode and combing with the IPO (Input-Process-Output) model for triangulation testing purpose, this study categorized the literature to explore input variables causing athletes' twisties and identified process variables in psychological mechanisms bridging suppression and finally discussed the existing possible ways in helping athletes to solve problems caused by twisties.

Results: The authors formed 6 propositions in summarizing twisties' influential factors and mechanisms and tried to propose solutions to reduce the stress and the relevant twisties symptom of athletes. (1) Promotion of Athletes' Mental Toughness to Resist Stressors. (2) Interventions that correct for cognitive misinterpretations and appropriate relaxation and mindfulness practice in correcting a range of attention might reduce DP/DR. (3) Monitoring the athlete's HRV test results to ensure the Athlete's ability to resist pressure. (4) Avoid organizational stressors. (5) Written Emotional Disclosure method. (6) Improve various support systems for athletes: dual career paths. (7) Athletes' Stressful Awareness about the impact of gender, seniority, and environment.

Conclusion: Through the theoretical dialogue on the symptom of twisties, this study helps promote the development of the research of "twisties" and depersonalization-derealization symptoms (DDS); both have been under-researched.