Impact of Old Environmental Burden in the Spiš Region (Slovakia) on Soil and Home-grown Vegetable Contamination, and Health Effects of Heavy Metals

Overview

Journal Sci Rep

Specialty Science

Date 2022 Sep 30

PMID 36180568

Authors

Janette Musilova

Hana Frankova

Judita Lidikova

Juraj Chlpik

Alena Vollmannova

Julius Arvay

lubos Harangozo

Jana Urminska

Tomas Toth

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Due to several centuries of ongoing mining activities, Middle Spiš (Slovakia) is one of the areas with a damaged environment. The contents of Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Ni, Pb, Cd, and Hg were determined in the soils and home-grown vegetables (potatoes, carrots, tomatoes). Except for Pb, the contents of heavy metals in the soils of some plots were higher than the limit values. Based on the values of Contamination factor (C), Degree of contamination (C), Geo-accumulation index (I), and Pollution load index (PLI), very high Fe, Cd, and Hg contamination (C ≥ 6), very high soil contamination (C ≥ 20), extremely heavy Fe and Hg contamination (I > 5), resp. moderately pollution to non-pollution (1 < PLI ≤ 2) was found in all plots. In vegetable samples, the maximum levels were exceeded for Cu, Pb, Hg (potato), Pb (carrot, tomato), and Hg (carrot, plot E). Bioaccumulation factor values BAF > 1 were for Cu (carrots, potatoes). Estimated daily intake values for all heavy metals were lower than their tolerable daily intake. Chronic daily intake of heavy metals ranged 2.495E-06 (Hg)-0.1416 (Fe) mg/kg/day. Based on Hazard index values, potato consumption poses a risk (0.8068-1.3057). The results showed that the monitoring of soils and cultivated production is necessary for the investigated area.

Citing Articles

Content of Biogenic Elements in Sheep Wool by the Regions of Slovakia.

Janicek M, Massanyi M, Kovacik A, Halo Jr M, Tirpak F, Blaszczyk-Altman M Biol Trace Elem Res. 2024; .

PMID: 39115643 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-024-04328-9.

Blusher mushroom (Amanita rubescens Pers.): A Study of Mercury Content in Substrate and Mushroom Samples from Slovakia with Respect to Locality and Developmental Stages.

Demkova L, Snirc M, Janco I, Harangozo L, Hauptvogl M, Bobulska L Biol Trace Elem Res. 2024; 203(3):1721-1733.

PMID: 38942969 PMC: 11872988. DOI: 10.1007/s12011-024-04280-8.

Multicontamination Toxicity Evaluation in the Model Plant L.

Zemanova V, Lhotska M, Novak M, Hnilicka F, Popov M, Pavlikova D Plants (Basel). 2024; 13(10).

PMID: 38794427 PMC: 11125215. DOI: 10.3390/plants13101356.

Health Risk and Quality Assessment of Vegetables Cultivated on Soils from a Heavily Polluted Old Mining Area.

Pavlikova D, Zemanova V, Pavlik M Toxics. 2023; 11(7).

PMID: 37505549 PMC: 10384379. DOI: 10.3390/toxics11070583.

References

Matovic V, Buha A, ukic-Cosic D, Bulat Z . Insight into the oxidative stress induced by lead and/or cadmium in blood, liver and kidneys. Food Chem Toxicol. 2015; 78:130-40. DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.02.011. View

Dee K, Abdullah F, Nasir S, Appalasamy S, Mohd Ghazi R, Rak A . Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals from Smoked Collected on Roadside Vendors at Kelantan, Malaysia. Biomed Res Int. 2019; 2019:9596810. PMC: 6791190. DOI: 10.1155/2019/9596810. View

Luo W, Lu Y, Giesy J, Wang T, Shi Y, Wang G . Effects of land use on concentrations of metals in surface soils and ecological risk around Guanting Reservoir, China. Environ Geochem Health. 2007; 29(6):459-71. DOI: 10.1007/s10653-007-9115-z. View

Miller J, Hudson-Edwards K, Lechler P, Preston D, Macklin M . Heavy metal contamination of water, soil and produce within riverine communities of the Río Pilcomayo basin, Bolivia. Sci Total Environ. 2004; 320(2-3):189-209. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2003.08.011. View

Demkova L, Arvay J, Bobulska L, Hauptvogl M, Michalko M, Michalkova J . Evaluation of Soil and Ambient Air Pollution Around Un-reclaimed Mining Bodies in Nižná Slaná (Slovakia) Post-Mining Area. Toxics. 2020; 8(4). PMC: 7712757. DOI: 10.3390/toxics8040096. View

Chamannejadian A, Sayyad G, Moezzi A, Jahangiri A . Evaluation of estimated daily intake (EDI) of cadmium and lead for rice (Oryza sativa L.) in calcareous soils. Iranian J Environ Health Sci Eng. 2013; 10(1):28. PMC: 3704925. DOI: 10.1186/1735-2746-10-28. View

Hu B, Jia X, Hu J, Xu D, Xia F, Li Y . Assessment of Heavy Metal Pollution and Health Risks in the Soil-Plant-Human System in the Yangtze River Delta, China. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2017; 14(9). PMC: 5615579. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14091042. View

Li Z, Ma Z, van der Kuijp T, Yuan Z, Huang L . A review of soil heavy metal pollution from mines in China: pollution and health risk assessment. Sci Total Environ. 2013; 468-469:843-53. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.08.090. View

Irfan M, Hayat S, Ahmad A, Alyemeni M . Soil cadmium enrichment: Allocation and plant physiological manifestations. Saudi J Biol Sci. 2013; 20(1):1-10. PMC: 3730847. DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2012.11.004. View

10.

Eid R, Arab N, Greenwood M . Iron mediated toxicity and programmed cell death: A review and a re-examination of existing paradigms. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Res. 2016; 1864(2):399-430. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.12.002. View

11.

. Chromium, nickel and welding. IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum. 1990; 49:1-648. PMC: 7681426. View

12.

Wu J, Teng Y, Lu S, Wang Y, Jiao X . Evaluation of soil contamination indices in a mining area of Jiangxi, China. PLoS One. 2014; 9(11):e112917. PMC: 4232596. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112917. View

13.

Genchi G, Carocci A, Lauria G, Sinicropi M, Catalano A . Nickel: Human Health and Environmental Toxicology. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020; 17(3). PMC: 7037090. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17030679. View

14.

Fan Y, Li Y, Li H, Cheng F . Evaluating heavy metal accumulation and potential risks in soil-plant systems applied with magnesium slag-based fertilizer. Chemosphere. 2018; 197:382-388. DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.01.055. View

15.

Qarri F, Lazo P, Allajbeu S, Bekteshi L, Kane S, Stafilov T . The Evaluation of Air Quality in Albania by Moss Biomonitoring and Metals Atmospheric Deposition. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 2019; 76(4):554-571. DOI: 10.1007/s00244-019-00608-x. View

16.

Brewer G . Risks of copper and iron toxicity during aging in humans. Chem Res Toxicol. 2009; 23(2):319-26. DOI: 10.1021/tx900338d. View

17.

Queiroz H, Ying S, Abernathy M, Barcellos D, Gabriel F, Otero X . Manganese: The overlooked contaminant in the world largest mine tailings dam collapse. Environ Int. 2020; 146:106284. PMC: 8382573. DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106284. View

18.

Baldantoni D, Morra L, Zaccardelli M, Alfani A . Cadmium accumulation in leaves of leafy vegetables. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2015; 123:89-94. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.05.019. View

19.

Ismael M, Elyamine A, Moussa M, Cai M, Zhao X, Hu C . Cadmium in plants: uptake, toxicity, and its interactions with selenium fertilizers. Metallomics. 2019; 11(2):255-277. DOI: 10.1039/c8mt00247a. View

20.

Jafarian-Dehkordi A, Alehashem M . Heavy metal contamination of vegetables in Isfahan, Iran. Res Pharm Sci. 2014; 8(1):51-8. PMC: 3895300. View