Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma: Trends in Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Outcomes

Overview

Journal Hematol Oncol Clin North Am

Specialties Hematology
Oncology

Date 2022 Sep 26

PMID 36154788

Authors

Elham Afghani

Alison P Klein

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Pancreatic cancer is one of the most lethal cancers in the world; it is a silent disease in which symptoms do not present until advanced stages, thereby reducing the 5-year survival rate to 10%. The global burden of pancreatic cancer has doubled over the past 25 years despite advancements in medicine. This review aims to discuss the global trends and disparities in pancreatic cancer, as well as the up-to-date literature on the known risk factors. A better understanding of these risk factors will reduce mortality by providing opportunities to screen these patients as well as counseling on lifestyle modifications.

Citing Articles

Targeting NEK Kinases in Gastrointestinal Cancers: Insights into Gene Expression, Function, and Inhibitors.

Chen L, Lu H, Ballout F, El-Rifai W, Chen Z, Gokulan R Int J Mol Sci. 2025; 26(5).

PMID: 40076620 PMC: 11900214. DOI: 10.3390/ijms26051992.

Identification of key regulators in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma using network theoretical approach.

Bhattacharjee K, Ghosh A PLoS One. 2025; 20(1):e0313738.

PMID: 39869563 PMC: 11771905. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0313738.

A five-gene prognosis model based on lysine β-hydroxybutyrylation site genes to predict the survival and therapy response in pancreatic adenocarcinoma.

Hu F, Bai Z, Yan K, Zhang Z, Zhou J Heliyon. 2025; 10(14):e34284.

PMID: 39816360 PMC: 11734053. DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e34284.

HIF-3α Facilitates the Proliferation and Migration in Pancreatic Cancer by Inhibiting Autophagy Through Downregulating TP53INP2.

Zhou X, Ling Y, Huang L, Yang F, Zhang Y, Lan Y Cell Biochem Biophys. 2024; .

PMID: 39614944 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-024-01624-y.

Circ_0124346 facilitates cell proliferation of pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells by regulating lipid metabolism via miR-223-3p/ACSL3 axis.

Shu M, Yang W, Li H, Qian C, Teng X, Yao J Discov Oncol. 2024; 15(1):670.

PMID: 39556281 PMC: 11574224. DOI: 10.1007/s12672-024-01550-8.

References

Brune K, Lau B, Palmisano E, Canto M, Goggins M, Hruban R . Importance of age of onset in pancreatic cancer kindreds. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2010; 102(2):119-26. PMC: 2808346. DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djp466. View

Eskander M, Gil L, Beal E, Li Y, Hamad A, Oppong B . Access Denied: Inequities in Clinical Trial Enrollment for Pancreatic Cancer. Ann Surg Oncol. 2021; 29(2):1271-1277. DOI: 10.1245/s10434-021-10868-4. View

Cotterchio M, Lowcock E, Bider-Canfield Z, Lemire M, Greenwood C, Gallinger S . Association between Variants in Atopy-Related Immunologic Candidate Genes and Pancreatic Cancer Risk. PLoS One. 2015; 10(5):e0125273. PMC: 4422524. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125273. View

Yang X, Leslie G, Doroszuk A, Schneider S, Allen J, Decker B . Cancer Risks Associated With Germline Pathogenic Variants: An International Study of 524 Families. J Clin Oncol. 2019; 38(7):674-685. PMC: 7049229. DOI: 10.1200/JCO.19.01907. View

Iodice S, Gandini S, Maisonneuve P, Lowenfels A . Tobacco and the risk of pancreatic cancer: a review and meta-analysis. Langenbecks Arch Surg. 2008; 393(4):535-45. DOI: 10.1007/s00423-007-0266-2. View

Liu L, Zhang J, Deapen D, Stern M, Sipin A, Pandol S . Differences in Pancreatic Cancer Incidence Rates and Temporal Trends Across Asian Subpopulations in California (1988-2015). Pancreas. 2019; 48(7):931-933. PMC: 6629494. DOI: 10.1097/MPA.0000000000001337. View

Wolpin B, Chan A, Hartge P, Chanock S, Kraft P, Hunter D . ABO blood group and the risk of pancreatic cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2009; 101(6):424-31. PMC: 2657095. DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djp020. View

Pushalkar S, Hundeyin M, Daley D, Zambirinis C, Kurz E, Mishra A . The Pancreatic Cancer Microbiome Promotes Oncogenesis by Induction of Innate and Adaptive Immune Suppression. Cancer Discov. 2018; 8(4):403-416. PMC: 6225783. DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.CD-17-1134. View

Hue J, Katayama E, Markt S, Elshami M, Saltzman J, Bajor D . A nationwide analysis of pancreatic cancer trial enrollment reveals disparities and participation problems. Surgery. 2021; 172(1):257-264. DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2021.10.023. View

10.

Olson S, Hsu M, Satagopan J, Maisonneuve P, Silverman D, Lucenteforte E . Allergies and risk of pancreatic cancer: a pooled analysis from the Pancreatic Cancer Case-Control Consortium. Am J Epidemiol. 2013; 178(5):691-700. PMC: 3755648. DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwt052. View

11.

Silverman D, Hoover R, Brown L, Swanson G, Schiffman M, Greenberg R . Why do Black Americans have a higher risk of pancreatic cancer than White Americans?. Epidemiology. 2002; 14(1):45-54. DOI: 10.1097/00001648-200301000-00013. View

12.

Zhong J, Jermusyk A, Wu L, Hoskins J, Collins I, Mocci E . A Transcriptome-Wide Association Study Identifies Novel Candidate Susceptibility Genes for Pancreatic Cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2020; 112(10):1003-1012. PMC: 7566474. DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djz246. View

13.

Khalaf N, El-Serag H, Abrams H, Thrift A . Burden of Pancreatic Cancer: From Epidemiology to Practice. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020; 19(5):876-884. PMC: 8559554. DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2020.02.054. View

14.

Liu J, Wang Y, Yu Y . Meta-analysis reveals an association between acute pancreatitis and the risk of pancreatic cancer. World J Clin Cases. 2020; 8(19):4416-4430. PMC: 7559689. DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v8.i19.4416. View

15.

He J, Ahuja N, Makary M, Cameron J, Eckhauser F, Choti M . 2564 resected periampullary adenocarcinomas at a single institution: trends over three decades. HPB (Oxford). 2013; 16(1):83-90. PMC: 3892319. DOI: 10.1111/hpb.12078. View

16.

Gao J, Zhu F, Lv S, Li Z, Ling Z, Gong Y . Identification of pancreatic juice proteins as biomarkers of pancreatic cancer. Oncol Rep. 2010; 23(6):1683-92. DOI: 10.3892/or_00000812. View

17.

Maisonneuve P, Lowenfels A, Bueno-de-Mesquita H, Ghadirian P, Baghurst P, Zatonski W . Past medical history and pancreatic cancer risk: Results from a multicenter case-control study. Ann Epidemiol. 2010; 20(2):92-8. DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2009.11.010. View

18.

Carreras-Torres R, Johansson M, Gaborieau V, Haycock P, Wade K, Relton C . The Role of Obesity, Type 2 Diabetes, and Metabolic Factors in Pancreatic Cancer: A Mendelian Randomization Study. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2017; 109(9). PMC: 5721813. DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djx012. View

19.

Genkinger J, Spiegelman D, Anderson K, Bergkvist L, Bernstein L, van den Brandt P . Alcohol intake and pancreatic cancer risk: a pooled analysis of fourteen cohort studies. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2009; 18(3):765-76. PMC: 2715951. DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-08-0880. View

20.

Klein A, Brune K, Petersen G, Goggins M, Tersmette A, Offerhaus G . Prospective risk of pancreatic cancer in familial pancreatic cancer kindreds. Cancer Res. 2004; 64(7):2634-8. DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-03-3823. View