Challenges in the Detection of SARS-CoV-2: Evolution of the Lateral Flow Immunoassay As a Valuable Tool for Viral Diagnosis

Overview

Journal Biosensors (Basel)

Specialty Biotechnology

Date 2022 Sep 23

PMID 36140114

Authors

Nayeli Shantal Castrejon-Jimenez

Blanca Estela Garcia-Perez

Nydia Edith Reyes-Rodriguez

Vicente Vega-Sanchez

Victor Manuel Martinez-Juarez

Juan Carlos Hernandez-Gonzalez

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

SARS-CoV-2 is an emerging infectious disease of zoonotic origin that caused the coronavirus disease in late 2019 and triggered a pandemic that has severely affected human health and caused millions of deaths. Early and massive diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infected patients is the key to preventing the spread of the virus and controlling the outbreak. Lateral flow immunoassays (LFIA) are the simplest biosensors. These devices are clinical diagnostic tools that can detect various analytes, including viruses and antibodies, with high sensitivity and specificity. This review summarizes the advantages, limitations, and evolution of LFIA during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and the challenges of improving these diagnostic devices.

Citing Articles

COVID-19: An overview on possible transmission ways, sampling matrices and diagnosis.

Armani Khatibi E, Farshbaf Moghimi N, Rahimpour E Bioimpacts. 2024; 14(6):29968.

PMID: 39493896 PMC: 11530968. DOI: 10.34172/bi.2024.29968.

Multiplexed detection of eight respiratory viruses based on nanozyme colorimetric microfluidic immunoassay.

Wu F, Cai D, Shi X, Li P, Ma L Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2024; 12:1402831.

PMID: 38817925 PMC: 11137192. DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1402831.

Au@Ag Core-Shell Nanoparticles for Colorimetric and Surface-Enhanced Raman-Scattering-Based Multiplex Competitive Lateral Flow Immunoassay for the Simultaneous Detection of Histamine and Parvalbumin in Fish.

Fernandez-Lodeiro C, Gonzalez-Cabaleiro L, Vazquez-Iglesias L, Serrano-Pertierra E, Bodelon G, Carrera M ACS Appl Nano Mater. 2024; 7(1):498-508.

PMID: 38229662 PMC: 10788866. DOI: 10.1021/acsanm.3c04696.

Antibody Response to SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination in Patients with End-Stage Kidney Disease on Hemodialysis.

Andhika R, Anand M, Tiara M, Debora J, Djauhari H, Susandi E Vaccines (Basel). 2023; 11(12).

PMID: 38140206 PMC: 10747993. DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11121802.

Post-Vaccination Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Response with Magnetic Nanoparticle-Based Electrochemical Biosensor System.

Harmanci D, Balaban Hanoglu S, Akkus Kayali G, Durgunlu E, Ucar N, Cicek C Biosensors (Basel). 2023; 13(9).

PMID: 37754085 PMC: 10526319. DOI: 10.3390/bios13090851.

References

Andryukov B . Six decades of lateral flow immunoassay: from determining metabolic markers to diagnosing COVID-19. AIMS Microbiol. 2020; 6(3):280-304. PMC: 7595842. DOI: 10.3934/microbiol.2020018. View

Fearon E, Buchan I, Das R, Davis E, Fyles M, Hall I . SARS-CoV-2 antigen testing: weighing the false positives against the costs of failing to control transmission. Lancet Respir Med. 2021; 9(7):685-687. PMC: 8203180. DOI: 10.1016/S2213-2600(21)00234-4. View

Chen S, Meng L, Wang L, Huang X, Ali S, Chen X . SERS-based lateral flow immunoassay for sensitive and simultaneous detection of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgM and IgG antibodies by using gap-enhanced Raman nanotags. Sens Actuators B Chem. 2021; 348:130706. PMC: 8413105. DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2021.130706. View

Zhang J, Yeh H, Walls A, Wicky B, Sprouse K, VanBlargan L . Thermodynamically coupled biosensors for detecting neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 variants. Nat Biotechnol. 2022; 40(9):1336-1340. PMC: 9463068. DOI: 10.1038/s41587-022-01280-8. View

Bissonnette L, Bergeron M . Diagnosing infections--current and anticipated technologies for point-of-care diagnostics and home-based testing. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2010; 16(8):1044-53. DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2010.03282.x. View

Khandia R, Singhal S, Alqahtani T, Kamal M, El-Shall N, Nainu F . Emergence of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron (B.1.1.529) variant, salient features, high global health concerns and strategies to counter it amid ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Environ Res. 2022; 209:112816. PMC: 8798788. DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.112816. View

Huang R, Fu Y, Wang Y, Hong C, Yang W, Wang I . A Lateral Flow Immunoassay Coupled with a Spectrum-Based Reader for SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibody Detection. Vaccines (Basel). 2022; 10(2). PMC: 8877288. DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10020271. View

Ochola L, Ogongo P, Mungai S, Gitaka J, Suliman S . Performance Evaluation of Lateral Flow Assays for Coronavirus Disease-19 Serology. Clin Lab Med. 2022; 42(1):31-56. PMC: 8563367. DOI: 10.1016/j.cll.2021.10.005. View

John A, Price C . Existing and Emerging Technologies for Point-of-Care Testing. Clin Biochem Rev. 2014; 35(3):155-67. PMC: 4204237. View

10.

Brochot E, Demey B, Touze A, Belouzard S, Dubuisson J, Schmit J . Anti-spike, Anti-nucleocapsid and Neutralizing Antibodies in SARS-CoV-2 Inpatients and Asymptomatic Individuals. Front Microbiol. 2020; 11:584251. PMC: 7604306. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.584251. View

11.

Peng T, Jiao X, Liang Z, Zhao H, Zhao Y, Xie J . Lateral Flow Immunoassay Coupled with Copper Enhancement for Rapid and Sensitive SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid Protein Detection. Biosensors (Basel). 2022; 12(1). PMC: 8773578. DOI: 10.3390/bios12010013. View

12.

Shen B, Zheng Y, Zhang X, Zhang W, Wang D, Jin J . Clinical evaluation of a rapid colloidal gold immunochromatography assay for SARS-Cov-2 IgM/IgG. Am J Transl Res. 2020; 12(4):1348-1354. PMC: 7191168. View

13.

Garcia-Beltran W, Lam E, St Denis K, Nitido A, Garcia Z, Hauser B . Multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants escape neutralization by vaccine-induced humoral immunity. Cell. 2021; 184(9):2372-2383.e9. PMC: 7953441. DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.03.013. View

14.

Diao B, Wen K, Zhang J, Chen J, Han C, Chen Y . Accuracy of a nucleocapsid protein antigen rapid test in the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2020; 27(2):289.e1-289.e4. PMC: 7534827. DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.09.057. View

15.

Herroelen P, Martens G, De Smet D, Swaerts K, Decavele A . Humoral Immune Response to SARS-CoV-2. Am J Clin Pathol. 2020; 154(5):610-619. PMC: 7454302. DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/aqaa140. View

16.

Wang H, Yuan Y, Xiao M, Chen L, Zhao Y, Zhang H . Dynamics of the SARS-CoV-2 antibody response up to 10 months after infection. Cell Mol Immunol. 2021; 18(7):1832-1834. PMC: 8182358. DOI: 10.1038/s41423-021-00708-6. View

17.

Deeks J, Dinnes J, Takwoingi Y, Davenport C, Spijker R, Taylor-Phillips S . Antibody tests for identification of current and past infection with SARS-CoV-2. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020; 6:CD013652. PMC: 7387103. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD013652. View

18.

Mistry D, Wang J, Moeser M, Starkey T, Lee L . A systematic review of the sensitivity and specificity of lateral flow devices in the detection of SARS-CoV-2. BMC Infect Dis. 2021; 21(1):828. PMC: 8371300. DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06528-3. View

19.

Hasoksuz M, Kilic S, Sarac F . Coronaviruses and SARS-COV-2. Turk J Med Sci. 2020; 50(SI-1):549-556. PMC: 7195990. DOI: 10.3906/sag-2004-127. View

20.

De Marinis Y, Pesola A, Soderlund Strand A, Norman A, Pernow G, Alden M . Detection of SARS-CoV-2 by rapid antigen tests on saliva in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. Infect Ecol Epidemiol. 2021; 11(1):1993535. PMC: 8567870. DOI: 10.1080/20008686.2021.1993535. View