Infection-derived Extracellular Vesicles Drive Transcription of Genes Involved in M2 Polarization

Although it is known that the composition of extracellular vesicles (EVs) is determined by the characteristics of the cell and its environment, the effects of intracellular infection on EV composition and functions are not well understood. We had previously shown that cultured macrophages infected with parasites release EVs (LiEVs) containing parasite-derived molecules. In this study we show that LdVash, a molecule previously identified in LiEVs from infected RAW264.7 macrophages, is widely distributed in the liver of infected mice. This result shows for the first time that parasite molecules are released in EVs and distributed in infected tissues where they can be endocytosed by cells in the liver, including macrophages that significantly increase numbers as the infection progresses. To evaluate the potential impact of LiEVs on macrophage functions, we show that primary peritoneal exudate macrophages (PECs) express transcripts of signature molecules of M2 macrophages such as arginase 1, IL-10, and IL-4R when incubated with LiEVs. In comparative studies that illustrate how intracellular pathogens control the composition and functions of EVs released from macrophages, we show that EVs from RAW264.7 macrophages infected with Typhimurium activate PECs to express transcripts of signature molecules of M1 macrophages such as iNOS, TNF alpha, and IFN-gamma and not M2 signature molecules. Finally, in contrast to the polarized responses observed in studies of macrophages, both M1 and M2 signature molecules are detected in infected livers, although they exhibit differences in their spatial distribution in infected tissues. In conclusion, EVs produced by macrophages during infection lead to the gene expression consistent with M2 polarization. In contrast, the EVs produced during Typhimurium infection stimulated the transcription of genes associated with M1 polarization.