Canine Morbillivirus (CDV): a Review on Current Status, Emergence and the Diagnostics

Overview

Journal Virusdisease

Publisher Springer

Specialty Microbiology

Date 2022 Aug 30

PMID 36039286

Authors

Monu Karki

Kaushal Kishor Rajak

Rabindra Prasad Singh

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

The increasing host range of canine morbillivirus (CDV) affecting important wildlife species such as Lions, Leopard, and Red Pandas has raised the concern. Canine distemper is a pathogen of dogs affecting the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and nervous systems. Seventeen lineages of CDV are reported, and the eighteenth lineage was proposed in 2019 from India. Marked genomic differences in the genome of wild-type virus and vaccine strain are also reported.The variations at the epitope level can be differentiated using specific monoclonal antibodies in neutralization tests. Keeping in mind the current status of the emergence of CDV, genetic and molecular study of circulating strains of the specific geographical region are the essential components of the disease control strategy. New target-based diagnostics and vaccines are in need to counter the effects of the emerging virus population. Control of CDV is necessary to save the endangered, vulnerable, and many other wildlife species to maintain balance in the ecological system. This review provides an overview on emergence reported in CDV, diagnostics developed till today, and a perspective on the disease control strategy, keeping wildlife in consideration.

Citing Articles

Canine distemper outbreak and laryngeal paralysis in captive tigers (Panthera tigris).

Suwanpakdee S, Wiratsudakul A, Chaisilp N, Prasittichai L, Skulpong A, Maneeorn P BMC Vet Res. 2025; 21(1):33.

PMID: 39856666 PMC: 11760695. DOI: 10.1186/s12917-025-04490-9.

Multiplex one-step RT‒qPCR assays for simultaneous detection of AMDV, MEV and CDV.

Cao Z, Xu H, Zhao X, Zhang K, Yin D, Ma S BMC Vet Res. 2025; 21(1):18.

PMID: 39810193 PMC: 11730144. DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-04349-5.

Influence of Host and Landscape-Associated Factors in the Infection and Transmission of Pathogens: The Case of Directly Transmitted Virus in Mammals.

Villalobos-Segura M, Rico-Chavez O, Suzan G, Chaves A Vet Med Sci. 2024; 11(1):e70160.

PMID: 39692054 PMC: 11653093. DOI: 10.1002/vms3.70160.

Coinfection with Canine Distemper Virus and Yellow Fever Virus in a Neotropical Primate in Brazil.

Monteiro de Mello Mares-Guia M, Furtado M, Chalhoub F, Portugal M, de Oliveira Coelho J, de Filippis A Viruses. 2024; 16(11).

PMID: 39599785 PMC: 11598961. DOI: 10.3390/v16111670.

Molecular analysis of canine distemper virus H gene in the golden jackal (Canis aureus) population from Serbia.

Glisic D, Kurucki M, Cirovic D, Solaja S, Mirceta J, Milicevic V BMC Vet Res. 2024; 20(1):426.

PMID: 39306660 PMC: 11415988. DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-04284-5.

References

Fischer C, Ikuta N, Canal C, Makiejczuk A, Allgayer M, Cardoso C . Detection and differentiation of field and vaccine strains of canine distemper virus using reverse transcription followed by nested real time PCR (RT-nqPCR) and RFLP analysis. J Virol Methods. 2013; 194(1-2):39-45. PMC: 7113657. DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2013.08.002. View

Wang J, Wang J, Li R, Liu L, Yuan W . Rapid and sensitive detection of canine distemper virus by real-time reverse transcription recombinase polymerase amplification. BMC Vet Res. 2017; 13(1):241. PMC: 5558738. DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1180-7. View

Williams E, Anderson S, Cavender J, Lynn C, List K, Hearn C . Vaccination of black-footed ferret (Mustela nigripes) x Siberian polecat (M. eversmanni) hybrids and domestic ferrets (M. putorius furo)against canine distemper. J Wildl Dis. 1996; 32(3):417-23. DOI: 10.7589/0090-3558-32.3.417. View

Anis E, Needle D, Stevens B, Yan L, Wilkes R . GENETIC CHARACTERISTICS OF CANINE DISTEMPER VIRUSES CIRCULATING IN WILDLIFE IN THE UNITED STATES. J Zoo Wildl Med. 2020; 50(4):790-797. DOI: 10.1638/2019-0052. View

Orvell C, Sheshberadaran H, Norrby E . Preparation and characterization of monoclonal antibodies directed against four structural components of canine distemper virus. J Gen Virol. 1985; 66 ( Pt 3):443-56. DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-66-3-443. View

Headley S, Oliveira T, Pereira A, R Moreira J, Michelazzo M, Pires B . Canine morbillivirus (canine distemper virus) with concomitant canine adenovirus, canine parvovirus-2, and Neospora caninum in puppies: a retrospective immunohistochemical study. Sci Rep. 2018; 8(1):13477. PMC: 6128882. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31540-0. View

Uhl E, Kelderhouse C, Buikstra J, Blick J, Bolon B, Hogan R . New world origin of canine distemper: Interdisciplinary insights. Int J Paleopathol. 2019; 24:266-278. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpp.2018.12.007. View

Blancou J . Dog distemper: imported into Europe from South America?. Hist Med Vet. 2004; 29(2):35-41. View

DALLDORF G, Douglass M, Robinson H . CANINE DISTEMPER IN THE RHESUS MONKEY (MACACA MULATTA). J Exp Med. 2009; 67(2):323-32. PMC: 2133565. DOI: 10.1084/jem.67.2.323. View

10.

Appel M, YATES R, Foley G, Bernstein J, Santinelli S, Spelman L . Canine distemper epizootic in lions, tigers, and leopards in North America. J Vet Diagn Invest. 1994; 6(3):277-88. DOI: 10.1177/104063879400600301. View

11.

Guo W, Evermann J, Foreyt W, Knowlton F, Windberg L . Canine distemper virus in coyotes: a serologic survey. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1986; 189(9):1099-100. View

12.

Sheshberadaran H, Norrby E, Mccullough K, Carpenter W, Orvell C . The antigenic relationship between measles, canine distemper and rinderpest viruses studied with monoclonal antibodies. J Gen Virol. 1986; 67 ( Pt 7):1381-92. DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-67-7-1381. View

13.

Wilkes R, Sanchez E, Riley M, Kennedy M . Real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction method for detection of Canine distemper virus modified live vaccine shedding for differentiation from infection with wild-type strains. J Vet Diagn Invest. 2014; 26(1):27-34. DOI: 10.1177/1040638713517232. View

14.

Taylor M, Godfrey E, Baczko K, Ter Meulen V, Wild T, Rima B . Identification of several different lineages of measles virus. J Gen Virol. 1991; 72 ( Pt 1):83-8. DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-72-1-83. View

15.

Wang J, Luo Y, Liang L, Li J, Cui S . A fast and simple one-step duplex PCR assay for canine distemper virus (CDV) and canine coronavirus (CCoV) detection. Arch Virol. 2018; 163(12):3345-3349. PMC: 7087121. DOI: 10.1007/s00705-018-3982-8. View

16.

Kim H, Yang D, Seo B, Cho I . Serosurvey of rabies virus, canine distemper virus, parvovirus, and influenza virus in military working dogs in Korea. J Vet Med Sci. 2018; 80(9):1424-1430. PMC: 6160881. DOI: 10.1292/jvms.18-0012. View

17.

Shaila M, Shamaki D, Forsyth M, Diallo A, Goatley L, Kitching R . Geographic distribution and epidemiology of peste des petits ruminants virus. Virus Res. 1996; 43(2):149-53. DOI: 10.1016/0168-1702(96)01312-3. View

18.

Takeda M, Seki F, Yamamoto Y, Nao N, Tokiwa H . Animal morbilliviruses and their cross-species transmission potential. Curr Opin Virol. 2020; 41:38-45. DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2020.03.005. View

19.

Taguchi M, Namikawa K, Maruo T, Orito K, Lynch J, Sahara H . Antibody titers for canine parvovirus type-2, canine distemper virus, and canine adenovirus type-1 in adult household dogs. Can Vet J. 2012; 52(9):983-6. PMC: 3157073. View

20.

Kovamees J, Blixenkrone-Moller M, Norrby E . The nucleotide and predicted amino acid sequence of the attachment protein of canine distemper virus. Virus Res. 1991; 19(2-3):223-33. DOI: 10.1016/0168-1702(91)90048-z. View