Affinity Assays for Cannabinoids Detection: Are They Amenable to On-Site Screening?

Overview

Journal Biosensors (Basel)

Specialty Biotechnology

Date 2022 Aug 25

PMID 36005003

Authors

Mihaela Puiu

Camelia Bala

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Roadside testing of illicit drugs such as tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) requires simple, rapid, and cost-effective methods. The need for non-invasive detection tools has led to the development of selective and sensitive platforms, able to detect phyto- and synthetic cannabinoids by means of their main metabolites in breath, saliva, and urine samples. One may estimate the time passed from drug exposure and the frequency of use by corroborating the detection results with pharmacokinetic data. In this review, we report on the current detection methods of cannabinoids in biofluids. Fluorescent, electrochemical, colorimetric, and magnetoresistive biosensors will be briefly overviewed, putting emphasis on the affinity formats amenable to on-site screening, with possible applications in roadside testing and anti-doping control.

Citing Articles

Cannabis: Zone Aspects of Raw Plant Components in Sport-A Narrative Review.

Flangea C, Vlad D, Popescu R, Dumitrascu V, Rata A, Tryfon M Nutrients. 2025; 17(5).

PMID: 40077729 PMC: 11902196. DOI: 10.3390/nu17050861.

Nano-Biocomposite Materials Obtained from Laser Ablation of Hemp Stalks for Medical Applications and Potential Component in New Solar Cells.

Cocean A, Cocean G, Diaconu M, Garofalide S, Husanu F, Munteanu B Int J Mol Sci. 2023; 24(4).

PMID: 36835308 PMC: 9961592. DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043892.

Analysis of Cannabinoids in Biological Specimens: An Update.

Antunes M, Barroso M, Gallardo E Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023; 20(3).

PMID: 36767678 PMC: 9915035. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20032312.

References

Plouffe B, Murthy S . Fluorescence-based lateral flow assays for rapid oral fluid roadside detection of cannabis use. Electrophoresis. 2016; 38(3-4):501-506. DOI: 10.1002/elps.201600075. View

Fattore L, Fratta W . Beyond THC: The New Generation of Cannabinoid Designer Drugs. Front Behav Neurosci. 2011; 5:60. PMC: 3187647. DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2011.00060. View

Huestis M, Henningfield J, Cone E . Blood cannabinoids. I. Absorption of THC and formation of 11-OH-THC and THCCOOH during and after smoking marijuana. J Anal Toxicol. 1992; 16(5):276-82. DOI: 10.1093/jat/16.5.276. View

Niedbala R, Kardos K, Fritch D, Kardos S, Fries T, Waga J . Detection of marijuana use by oral fluid and urine analysis following single-dose administration of smoked and oral marijuana. J Anal Toxicol. 2001; 25(5):289-303. DOI: 10.1093/jat/25.5.289. View

Sanli S, Ghorbani-Zamani F, Moulahoum H, Gumus Z, Coskunol H, Odaci Demirkol D . Application of Biofunctionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles Based-Sensing in Abused Drugs Diagnostics. Anal Chem. 2019; 92(1):1033-1040. DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b04025. View

Castillo-Peinado L, Luque de Castro M . An overview on forensic analysis devoted to analytical chemists. Talanta. 2017; 167:181-192. DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.01.087. View

Anizan S, Milman G, Desrosiers N, Barnes A, Gorelick D, Huestis M . Oral fluid cannabinoid concentrations following controlled smoked cannabis in chronic frequent and occasional smokers. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2013; 405(26):8451-61. PMC: 3823692. DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7291-5. View

Cannaert A, Storme J, Hess C, Auwarter V, Wille S, Stove C . Activity-Based Detection of Cannabinoids in Serum and Plasma Samples. Clin Chem. 2018; 64(6):918-926. DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2017.285361. View

Cannaert A, Storme J, Franz F, Auwarter V, Stove C . Detection and Activity Profiling of Synthetic Cannabinoids and Their Metabolites with a Newly Developed Bioassay. Anal Chem. 2016; 88(23):11476-11485. DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b02600. View

10.

Kohansal F, Mobed A, Ansari R, Hasanzadeh M, Ahmadalipour A, Shadjou N . An innovative electrochemical immuno-platform towards ultra-sensitive monitoring of 2-arachidonoyl glycerol in samples from rats with sleep deprivation: bioanalysis of endogenous cannabinoids using biosensor technology. RSC Adv. 2022; 12(22):14154-14166. PMC: 9092357. DOI: 10.1039/d2ra00380e. View

11.

Jogschies L, Klaas D, Kruppe R, Rittinger J, Taptimthong P, Wienecke A . Recent Developments of Magnetoresistive Sensors for Industrial Applications. Sensors (Basel). 2015; 15(11):28665-89. PMC: 4701302. DOI: 10.3390/s151128665. View

12.

Comeau Z, Boileau N, Lee T, Melville O, Rice N, Troung Y . On-the-Spot Detection and Speciation of Cannabinoids Using Organic Thin-Film Transistors. ACS Sens. 2019; 4(10):2706-2715. DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.9b01150. View

13.

Jadon N, Jain R, Sharma S, Singh K . Recent trends in electrochemical sensors for multianalyte detection - A review. Talanta. 2016; 161:894-916. DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.08.084. View

14.

Fraser A, Worth D . Monitoring urinary excretion of cannabinoids by fluorescence-polarization immunoassay: a cannabinoid-to-creatinine ratio study. Ther Drug Monit. 2002; 24(6):746-50. DOI: 10.1097/00007691-200212000-00011. View

15.

Alsherbiny M, Li C . Medicinal Cannabis-Potential Drug Interactions. Medicines (Basel). 2018; 6(1). PMC: 6473892. DOI: 10.3390/medicines6010003. View

16.

Ramzy V, Priefer R . THC detection in the breath. Talanta. 2020; 222:121528. DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121528. View

17.

Majak D, Fan J, Kang S, Gupta M . Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ-THC) sensing using an aerosol jet printed organic electrochemical transistor (OECT). J Mater Chem B. 2021; 9(8):2107-2117. DOI: 10.1039/d0tb02951c. View

18.

Withey S, Bergman J, Huestis M, George S, Madras B . THC and CBD blood and brain concentrations following daily administration to adolescent primates. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2020; 213:108129. PMC: 7371526. DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108129. View

19.

Erturk G, Mattiasson B . Capacitive Biosensors and Molecularly Imprinted Electrodes. Sensors (Basel). 2017; 17(2). PMC: 5336051. DOI: 10.3390/s17020390. View

20.

Huang L, Tian S, Zhao W, Liu K, Ma X, Guo J . Multiplexed detection of biomarkers in lateral-flow immunoassays. Analyst. 2020; 145(8):2828-2840. DOI: 10.1039/c9an02485a. View