Fluidic Innervation Sensorizes Structures from a Single Build Material

Multifunctional materials with distributed sensing and programmed mechanical properties are required for myriad emerging technologies. However, current fabrication techniques constrain these materials' design and sensing capabilities. We address these needs with a method for sensorizing architected materials through fluidic innervation, where distributed networks of empty, air-filled channels are directly embedded within an architected material's sparse geometry. By measuring pressure changes within these channels, we receive feedback regarding material deformation. Thus, this technique allows for three-dimensional printing of sensorized structures from a single material. With this strategy, we fabricate sensorized soft robotic actuators on the basis of handed shearing auxetics and accurately predict their kinematics from the sensors' proprioceptive feedback using supervised learning. Our strategy for facilitating structural, sensing, and actuation capabilities through control of form alone simplifies sensorized material design for applications spanning wearables, smart structures, and robotics.