Network Formation and Physical Properties of Epoxy Resins for Future Practical Applications

Overview

Journal JACS Au

Publisher American Chemical Society

Specialty Chemistry

Date 2022 Aug 1

PMID 35911459

Authors

Atsuomi Shundo

Satoru Yamamoto

Keiji Tanaka

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Epoxy resins are used in various fields in a wide range of applications such as coatings, adhesives, modeling compounds, impregnation materials, high-performance composites, insulating materials, and encapsulating and packaging materials for electronic devices. To achieve the desired properties, it is necessary to obtain a better understanding of how the network formation and physical state change involved in the curing reaction affect the resultant network architecture and physical properties. However, this is not necessarily easy because of their infusibility at higher temperatures and insolubility in organic solvents. In this paper, we summarize the knowledge related to these issues which has been gathered using various experimental techniques in conjunction with molecular dynamics simulations. This should provide useful ideas for researchers who aim to design and construct various thermosetting polymer systems including currently popular materials such as vitrimers over epoxy resins.

Citing Articles

Improving the Flame Retardancy and Mechanical Properties of Vinyl Ester Resins through Maleated Epoxidized Corn Oil/Epoxy Resin Additives for Sustainable Thermoset Composites.

Cabo Jr M, Manoj Narendra P, Lee D, Yu R, Chanthavong V, Song J ACS Polym Au. 2025; 5(1):45-58.

PMID: 39958526 PMC: 11826486. DOI: 10.1021/acspolymersau.4c00088.

Bimetallic synergy in supported Ni-Pd catalyst for selective hydrogenolysis of C-O bonds in epoxy resins.

Huang Y, Yamazaki Y, Nomoto K, Miura H, Shishido T, Jin X Nat Commun. 2025; 16(1):1188.

PMID: 39915467 PMC: 11802927. DOI: 10.1038/s41467-025-56488-4.

Advances in the Mitigation of Microbiologically Influenced Concrete Corrosion: A Snapshot.

Gerengi H, Kaya E, Solomon M, Snape M, Koerdt A Materials (Basel). 2024; 17(23).

PMID: 39685282 PMC: 11642656. DOI: 10.3390/ma17235846.

Chemical and Solvent-Based Recycling of DGEBA-Based Epoxy Thermoset and Carbon-Fiber Reinforced Epoxy Composite Utilizing Imine-Containing Secondary Amine Hardener.

Daglar O, Turel T, Pantazidis C, Tomovic Z Macromol Rapid Commun. 2024; 46(2):e2400678.

PMID: 39520299 PMC: 11756867. DOI: 10.1002/marc.202400678.

Revealing Commercial Epoxy Resins' Antimicrobial Activity: A Combined Chemical-Physical, Mechanical, and Biological Study.

Rigo M, Khatami H, Mansi A, Marcelloni A, Proietto A, Chiominto A Polymers (Basel). 2024; 16(18).

PMID: 39339035 PMC: 11435071. DOI: 10.3390/polym16182571.

References

Shundo A, Sakurai T, Takafuji M, Nagaoka S, Ihara H . Molecular-length and chiral discriminations by beta-structural poly(L-alanine) on silica. J Chromatogr A. 2005; 1073(1-2):169-74. DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.08.062. View

Arimitsu , Miyamoto , Ichimura . Applications of a Nonlinear Organic Reaction of Carbamates To Proliferate Aliphatic Amines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2000; 39(19):3425-3428. DOI: 10.1002/1521-3773(20001002)39:19<3425::aid-anie3425>3.0.co;2-c. View

Ng F, Couture G, Philippe C, Boutevin B, Caillol S . Bio-Based Aromatic Epoxy Monomers for Thermoset Materials. Molecules. 2017; 22(1). PMC: 6155700. DOI: 10.3390/molecules22010149. View

Bahlakeh G, Ramezanzadeh B . A Detailed Molecular Dynamics Simulation and Experimental Investigation on the Interfacial Bonding Mechanism of an Epoxy Adhesive on Carbon Steel Sheets Decorated with a Novel Cerium-Lanthanum Nanofilm. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2017; 9(20):17536-17551. DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b00644. View

Wang P, Maeda R, Aoki M, Kubozono T, Yoshihara D, Shundo A . transmission electron microscopy observation of the deformation and fracture processes of an epoxy/silica nanocomposite. Soft Matter. 2022; 18(6):1149-1153. DOI: 10.1039/d1sm01452h. View

Mak H, Rogers M . Determination of chain branching in epoxy resins by nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry. Anal Chem. 2012; 44(4):837-9. DOI: 10.1021/ac60312a055. View

Xu Y, Wang X, Zhou J, Song B, Jiang Z, Lee E . Molecular engineered conjugated polymer with high thermal conductivity. Sci Adv. 2018; 4(3):eaar3031. PMC: 5903882. DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aar3031. View

Matsumoto Y, Shundo A, Ohno M, Tsuruzoe N, Goto M, Tanaka K . Mesoscopic Heterogeneity in Pore Size of Supramolecular Networks. Langmuir. 2018; 34(25):7503-7508. DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b00641. View

Hong L, Gujrati P, Novikov V, Sokolov A . Molecular cooperativity in the dynamics of glass-forming systems: a new insight. J Chem Phys. 2009; 131(19):194511. DOI: 10.1063/1.3266508. View

10.

Montarnal D, Capelot M, Tournilhac F, Leibler L . Silica-like malleable materials from permanent organic networks. Science. 2011; 334(6058):965-8. DOI: 10.1126/science.1212648. View

11.

Bagwe R, Hilliard L, Tan W . Surface modification of silica nanoparticles to reduce aggregation and nonspecific binding. Langmuir. 2006; 22(9):4357-62. PMC: 2517131. DOI: 10.1021/la052797j. View

12.

Yousefi N, Sun X, Lin X, Shen X, Jia J, Zhang B . Highly aligned graphene/polymer nanocomposites with excellent dielectric properties for high-performance electromagnetic interference shielding. Adv Mater. 2014; 26(31):5480-7. DOI: 10.1002/adma.201305293. View

13.

Chen M, Zhou L, Wu Y, Zhao X, Zhang Y . Rapid Stress Relaxation and Moderate Temperature of Malleability Enabled by the Synergy of Disulfide Metathesis and Carboxylate Transesterification in Epoxy Vitrimers. ACS Macro Lett. 2022; 8(3):255-260. DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.9b00015. View

14.

Yamamoto S, Tanaka K . Entropy-driven segregation in epoxy-amine systems at a copper interface. Soft Matter. 2020; 17(5):1359-1367. DOI: 10.1039/d0sm01600d. View

15.

Yang Y, Pei Z, Zhang X, Tao L, Wei Y, Ji Y . Correction: Carbon nanotube-vitrimer composite for facile and efficient photo-welding of epoxy. Chem Sci. 2018; 8(3):2464. PMC: 6063157. DOI: 10.1039/c6sc90083f. View

16.

Penaloza Jr D, Hori K, Shundo A, Tanaka K . Spatial heterogeneity in a lyotropic liquid crystal with hexagonal phase. Phys Chem Chem Phys. 2012; 14(15):5247-50. DOI: 10.1039/c2cp40284j. View

17.

Sahagun C, Morgan S . Thermal control of nanostructure and molecular network development in epoxy-amine thermosets. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2012; 4(2):564-72. DOI: 10.1021/am201515y. View

18.

FISCHER , Donth , Steffen . Temperature dependence of characteristic length for glass transition. Phys Rev Lett. 1992; 68(15):2344-2346. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.68.2344. View

19.

Waigh T . Advances in the microrheology of complex fluids. Rep Prog Phys. 2016; 79(7):074601. DOI: 10.1088/0034-4885/79/7/074601. View

20.

Angell C . Formation of glasses from liquids and biopolymers. Science. 1995; 267(5206):1924-35. DOI: 10.1126/science.267.5206.1924. View