The 8th Wonder of the Cancer World: Esophageal Cancer and Inflammation

Overview

Journal Diseases

Date 2022 Jul 27

PMID 35892738

Authors

Harleen Kaur Chela

Karthik Gangu

Hamza Ertugrul

Alhareth Al Juboori

Ebubekir Daglilar

Veysel Tahan

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Esophageal cancer is a devastating malignancy which can be detected at an early stage but is more often diagnosed as an advanced process. It affects both men and women and inflicts the young and the elderly. There are multiple underlying factors involved in the pathogenesis of this cancer including inflammation. The interplay of these factors promotes inflammation through various mechanisms including the recruitment of pro-inflammatory cells, mediators such as cytokines, reactive oxygen species, and interleukins, among others. The presentation can vary widely with one of the most notable symptoms being dysphagia. Diagnosis is based on clinical symptomatology, imaging and endoscopy with biopsy. Once the diagnosis has been established, treatment and prognosis are based on the stage of the disease. This review outlines esophageal cancer and its link to inflammation in relation to pathogenesis, along with clinical features, diagnosis and treatment.

Citing Articles

Targeting Radiation Resistance in Oesophageal Adenocarcinoma with Pyrazinib-Functionalised Gold Nanoparticles.

Marcone S, Spadavecchia J, Khan M, Vella G, OConnell F, Pendino M Cancers (Basel). 2024; 16(23).

PMID: 39682192 PMC: 11640662. DOI: 10.3390/cancers16234007.

Exploring Potential Biomarkers in Oesophageal Cancer: A Comprehensive Analysis.

Romanowicz A, Lukaszewicz-Zajac M, Mroczko B Int J Mol Sci. 2024; 25(8).

PMID: 38673838 PMC: 11050399. DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084253.

The role of microbiota in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: A review of the literature.

Chiang H, Hughes M, Chang W Thorac Cancer. 2023; 14(28):2821-2829.

PMID: 37675608 PMC: 10542467. DOI: 10.1111/1759-7714.15096.

Gut inflammation and tumorigenesis: every site has a different tale to tell.

Vanoli A, Parente P, Fassan M, Mastracci L, Grillo F Intern Emerg Med. 2023; 18(8):2169-2179.

PMID: 37249755 PMC: 10635962. DOI: 10.1007/s11739-023-03320-w.

Insights into the Relationship between Pentraxin-3 and Cancer.

Bogdan M, Meca A, Turcu-Stiolica A, Oancea C, Kostici R, Surlin M Int J Mol Sci. 2022; 23(23).

PMID: 36499628 PMC: 9739619. DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315302.

References

Pickens A, Orringer M . Geographical distribution and racial disparity in esophageal cancer. Ann Thorac Surg. 2003; 76(4):S1367-9. DOI: 10.1016/s0003-4975(03)01202-5. View

Fitzgerald R, Omary M, Triadafilopoulos G . Dynamic effects of acid on Barrett's esophagus. An ex vivo proliferation and differentiation model. J Clin Invest. 1996; 98(9):2120-8. PMC: 507657. DOI: 10.1172/JCI119018. View

Wen C, Tsai M, Chung W, Hsu H, Chang Y, Chan H . Cancer risks from betel quid chewing beyond oral cancer: a multiple-site carcinogen when acting with smoking. Cancer Causes Control. 2010; 21(9):1427-35. DOI: 10.1007/s10552-010-9570-1. View

Bang Y, Van Cutsem E, Feyereislova A, Chung H, Shen L, Sawaki A . Trastuzumab in combination with chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone for treatment of HER2-positive advanced gastric or gastro-oesophageal junction cancer (ToGA): a phase 3, open-label, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2010; 376(9742):687-97. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61121-X. View

Conroy M, Dunne M, Donohoe C, Reynolds J . Obesity-associated cancer: an immunological perspective. Proc Nutr Soc. 2015; 75(2):125-38. DOI: 10.1017/S0029665115004176. View

Abdel-Latif M, Duggan S, Reynolds J, Kelleher D . Inflammation and esophageal carcinogenesis. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2009; 9(4):396-404. DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2009.06.010. View

Rice T, Ishwaran H, Ferguson M, Blackstone E, Goldstraw P . Cancer of the Esophagus and Esophagogastric Junction: An Eighth Edition Staging Primer. J Thorac Oncol. 2016; 12(1):36-42. PMC: 5591443. DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2016.10.016. View

Lepage C, Rachet B, Jooste V, Faivre J, Coleman M . Continuing rapid increase in esophageal adenocarcinoma in England and Wales. Am J Gastroenterol. 2008; 103(11):2694-9. DOI: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2008.02191.x. View

Zhang Y, Chen T, Zhang C, Li Q, Chen W, Yao L . Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection for Superficial Proximal Esophageal Neoplasia is Highly Successful. Ann Surg. 2017; 266(6):995-999. DOI: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000002012. View

10.

Puli S, Reddy J, Bechtold M, Antillon D, Ibdah J, Antillon M . Staging accuracy of esophageal cancer by endoscopic ultrasound: a meta-analysis and systematic review. World J Gastroenterol. 2008; 14(10):1479-90. PMC: 2693739. DOI: 10.3748/wjg.14.1479. View

11.

Oka M, Attwood S, Kaul B, Smyrk T, DeMeester T . Immunosuppression in patients with Barrett's esophagus. Surgery. 1992; 112(1):11-7. View

12.

Chow W, Finkle W, McLaughlin J, Frankl H, ZIEL H, Fraumeni Jr J . The relation of gastroesophageal reflux disease and its treatment to adenocarcinomas of the esophagus and gastric cardia. JAMA. 1995; 274(6):474-7. View

13.

Zhang W, Zhu H, Liu X, Wang Q, Zhang X, He J . Epidermal growth factor receptor is a prognosis predictor in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Ann Thorac Surg. 2014; 98(2):513-9. DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2014.03.015. View

14.

Schulpen M, Peeters P, van den Brandt P . Mediterranean diet adherence and risk of esophageal and gastric cancer subtypes in the Netherlands Cohort Study. Gastric Cancer. 2019; 22(4):663-674. PMC: 6570688. DOI: 10.1007/s10120-019-00927-x. View

15.

Elamin E, Masclee A, Dekker J, Jonkers D . Ethanol metabolism and its effects on the intestinal epithelial barrier. Nutr Rev. 2013; 71(7):483-99. DOI: 10.1111/nure.12027. View

16.

Mazzarella L . Why does obesity promote cancer? Epidemiology, biology, and open questions. Ecancermedicalscience. 2015; 9:554. PMC: 4531127. DOI: 10.3332/ecancer.2015.554. View

17.

Shahbaz Sarwar C, Luketich J, Landreneau R, Abbas G . Esophageal cancer: an update. Int J Surg. 2010; 8(6):417-22. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2010.06.011. View

18.

Janmaat V, Steyerberg E, van der Gaast A, Mathijssen R, Bruno M, Peppelenbosch M . Palliative chemotherapy and targeted therapies for esophageal and gastroesophageal junction cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017; 11:CD004063. PMC: 6486200. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004063.pub4. View

19.

Scholvinck D, Kunzli H, Meijer S, Seldenrijk K, van Berge Henegouwen M, Bergman J . Management of patients with T1b esophageal adenocarcinoma: a retrospective cohort study on patient management and risk of metastatic disease. Surg Endosc. 2016; 30(9):4102-13. DOI: 10.1007/s00464-016-5071-y. View

20.

Luo L, He L, Gao X, Huang X, Shan H, Luo G . Evaluation of preoperative staging for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol. 2016; 22(29):6683-9. PMC: 4970469. DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i29.6683. View