Metabolomics Revealed the Photosynthetic Performance and Metabolomic Characteristics of Euglena Gracilis Under Autotrophic and Mixotrophic Conditions

Overview

Journal World J Microbiol Biotechnol

Publisher Springer

Specialties Biotechnology
Microbiology

Date 2022 Jul 14

PMID 35834059

Authors

Gan Gu

Dong Ou

Zhehua Chen

Shumei Gao

Shiqing Sun

Yongjun Zhao

Changwei Hu

Xianrui Liang

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Photosynthetic and metabolomic performance of Euglena gracilis was examined and compared under autotrophic and mixotrophic conditions. Autotrophic protozoa (AP) obtained greater biomass (about 33% higher) than the mixotrophic protozoa (MP) after 12 days of growth. AP maintained steady photosynthesis, while MP showed a remarkable decrease in photosynthetic efficiency and dropped to an extremely low level at day 12. In MP, low light absorption and photosynthetic electron transport efficiency, and high energy dissipation were reflected by the chlorophyll (chl a) fluorescence (OJIP) of the protozoa. The values of Ψ, Φ, and ET/RC of MP decreased to extremely low levels, to 1/15, 1/46, and 1/9 those of AP, respectively, while DI/RC increased to approximately 16 times that of AP. A total of 137 metabolites were showed significant differences between AP and MP. AP accumulated more monosaccharide, lipids, and alkaloids, while MP produced more amino acids, peptides, and long-chain fatty acids including poly-unsaturated fatty acids. The top nine most important enriched pathways obtained from KEGG mapping were related to ABC transporters, biosynthesis of amino acids, purine metabolism, and carbohydrate metabolism. There were significant differences between AP and MP in photosynthetic activity, metabolites, and metabolic pathways. This work presented useful information for the production of high value bioproducts in E. gracilis cultured under different nutritional conditions.

References

Checcucci A, COLOMBETTI G, Ferrara R, Lenci F . Action spectra for photoaccumulation of green and colorless Euglena: evidence for identification of receptor pigments. Photochem Photobiol. 1976; 23(1):51-4. DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1976.tb06770.x. View

Cook J . Photo-assimilation of acetate by an obligate phototrophic strain of Euglena gracilis. J Protozool. 1967; 14(3):382-4. DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1967.tb02014.x. View

Einicker-Lamas M, Mezian G, Fernandes T, Silva F, Guerra F, Miranda K . Euglena gracilis as a model for the study of Cu2+ and Zn2+ toxicity and accumulation in eukaryotic cells. Environ Pollut. 2002; 120(3):779-86. DOI: 10.1016/s0269-7491(02)00170-7. View

Fiehn O, Kopka J, Dormann P, Altmann T, Trethewey R, Willmitzer L . Metabolite profiling for plant functional genomics. Nat Biotechnol. 2000; 18(11):1157-61. DOI: 10.1038/81137. View

Galant A, Kaufman R, Wilson J . Glucose: Detection and analysis. Food Chem. 2015; 188:149-60. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.04.071. View

Gissibl A, Sun A, Care A, Nevalainen H, Sunna A . Bioproducts From : Synthesis and Applications. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2019; 7:108. PMC: 6530250. DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00108. View

Grimm P, Risse J, Cholewa D, Muller J, Beshay U, Friehs K . Applicability of Euglena gracilis for biorefineries demonstrated by the production of α-tocopherol and paramylon followed by anaerobic digestion. J Biotechnol. 2015; 215:72-9. DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2015.04.004. View

Hu C, Wang Q, Zhao H, Wang L, Guo S, Li X . Ecotoxicological effects of graphene oxide on the protozoan Euglena gracilis. Chemosphere. 2015; 128:184-90. DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.01.040. View

Kornberg H, KREBS H . Synthesis of cell constituents from C2-units by a modified tricarboxylic acid cycle. Nature. 1957; 179(4568):988-91. DOI: 10.1038/179988a0. View

10.

Maloy S, Nunn W . Genetic regulation of the glyoxylate shunt in Escherichia coli K-12. J Bacteriol. 1982; 149(1):173-80. PMC: 216607. DOI: 10.1128/jb.149.1.173-180.1982. View

11.

Mashego M, Rumbold K, De Mey M, Vandamme E, Soetaert W, Heijnen J . Microbial metabolomics: past, present and future methodologies. Biotechnol Lett. 2006; 29(1):1-16. DOI: 10.1007/s10529-006-9218-0. View

12.

Matsuda F, Hayashi M, Kondo A . Comparative profiling analysis of central metabolites in Euglena gracilis under various cultivation conditions. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2011; 75(11):2253-6. DOI: 10.1271/bbb.110482. View

13.

Mishra A, Medhi K, Malaviya P, Thakur I . Omics approaches for microalgal applications: Prospects and challenges. Bioresour Technol. 2019; 291:121890. DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121890. View

14.

Rodriguez-Zavala J, Ortiz-Cruz M, Mendoza-Hernandez G, Moreno-Sanchez R . Increased synthesis of α-tocopherol, paramylon and tyrosine by Euglena gracilis under conditions of high biomass production. J Appl Microbiol. 2010; 109(6):2160-72. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2010.04848.x. View

15.

Stirbet A, Govindjee . On the relation between the Kautsky effect (chlorophyll a fluorescence induction) and Photosystem II: basics and applications of the OJIP fluorescence transient. J Photochem Photobiol B. 2011; 104(1-2):236-57. DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2010.12.010. View

16.

Sun C, Xu Y, Hu N, Ma J, Sun S, Cao W . To evaluate the toxicity of atrazine on the freshwater microalgae Chlorella sp. using sensitive indices indicated by photosynthetic parameters. Chemosphere. 2019; 244:125514. DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125514. View

17.

Sun L, Sun S, Bai M, Wang Z, Zhao Y, Huang Q . Internalization of polystyrene microplastics in Euglena gracilis and its effects on the protozoan photosynthesis and motility. Aquat Toxicol. 2021; 236:105840. DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2021.105840. View

18.

Takeyama H, Kanamaru A, Yoshino Y, Kakuta H, Kawamura Y, Matsunaga T . Production of antioxidant vitamins, beta-carotene, vitamin C, and vitamin E, by two-step culture of Euglena gracilis Z. Biotechnol Bioeng. 1997; 53(2):185-90. DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0290(19970120)53:2<185::AID-BIT8>3.0.CO;2-K. View

19.

Wang Y, Seppanen-Laakso T, Rischer H, Wiebe M . Euglena gracilis growth and cell composition under different temperature, light and trophic conditions. PLoS One. 2018; 13(4):e0195329. PMC: 5896972. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195329. View

20.

Yaakob M, Mohamed R, Al-Gheethi A, Aswathnarayana Gokare R, Ambati R . Influence of Nitrogen and Phosphorus on Microalgal Growth, Biomass, Lipid, and Fatty Acid Production: An Overview. Cells. 2021; 10(2). PMC: 7918059. DOI: 10.3390/cells10020393. View