Optimizing Human Coronavirus OC43 Growth and Titration

Coronaviruses have been at the forefront of the news for the last 2 years. Unfortunately, SARS-CoV-2, the etiologic agent for the COVID-19 pandemic, must be manipulated in biosecurity level 3 settings, which significantly limits research. Meanwhile, several less pathogenic human coronaviruses (HCoV) exist and can be studied in much more common biosafety level 2 laboratories. Among them, HCoV-OC43 is a good surrogate candidate for SARS-CoV-2 since both are phylogenetically related human . However, one issue has been the lack of standardized means among laboratories to propagate and titer this less virulent coronavirus. The present study probes the optimal parameters to propagate HCoV-OC43. First, testing of five different cell lines (MRC-5, Huh7.5, Vero, HCT-8, HRT-18) indicated that the physiologically relevant MRC-5 human lung cell line produced among the highest viral titers. HRT-18 may however be an interesting alternative as they are quick growing cells that also led to higher viral titers and a better tropism for various HCoV-OC43 variants. We also probed the impact of serum and temperature during viral expansion and confirmed that the normal temperature of the upper respiratory track (33 °C) improves viral yields over the typical 37 °C used to grow many other viruses. Meanwhile, we did not notice any evidence that serum concentrations significantly affected the virus but interestingly noted that the virus grew quite efficiently in a serum-free media formulation. Meanwhile sonication of viral stocks somewhat improved viral titers. Four titration methods (plaque assays, TCID-CPE, TCID-IFA and TCID-IPA) were also probed using two cell lines (VeroE6 and HRT-18). In our hands, plaque assays proved unreliable and quantification of the virus by scoring CPE positive wells was significantly less sensitive than antibody-based assays (IFA and IPA). While the latter methods were equally sensitive, we favor the TCID-IPA method since simpler, faster and cheaper than the IFA protocol. Moreover, the HRT-18 cells appeared more sensitive to quantify the virus. Perhaps most importantly, these optimized protocols routinely led to high titer viral stocks in the order of 10 TCID/ml magnitude, which should fulfill the requirements of most experimental settings.