Association of Vitamin D Deficiency with Primary Glaucoma Among Saudi Population - A Pilot Study

Purpose: Glaucoma is a complex multifactorial disorder that is influenced by various systemic conditions. Several studies investigated the association between systemic factors such as Vitamin D deficiency for glaucoma development and reported contradicted findings. The aim of this study was to assess Vitamin D levels in glaucomatous Saudi subjects and its association with cup/disc ratio in primary open- and closed-angle glaucoma.

Methods: This was a pilot study that included subjects aged 41-78 years from both genders recruited from a tertiary hospital, Riyadh city, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Subjects were divided into three groups: Group 1: subjects with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), Group 2: subjects with primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG), and Group 3: control subjects. All participants underwent detailed ophthalmic examinations including visual acuity, intraocular pressure measurement (IOP), gonioscopy, and fundus examinations. In addition, blood samples were collected from glaucoma patients and controls to measure the serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels.

Results: A total of 75 subjects were included in this study. Measurement of IOP was within the range of 9-27 for all subjects. Mean serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels were 72.58 ± 31.79, 69.20 ± 24.24, and 67.14 ± 29.02 in Groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively. There were insignificant differences in Vitamin D levels among the three groups ( > 0.05). Moreover, no significant correlation was noted between Vitamin D levels and cup/disc ratio in Groups 1 and 2.

Conclusion: No association was found between Vitamin D deficiency and both POAG and PACG among Saudi population despite low serum level of Vitamin D in glaucomatous and control subjects. This study suggested that Vitamin D level may not contribute in augmenting the severity and progression of glaucoma.