Comparison of Novel Martin/Hopkins and Sampson Equations for Calculation of Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol in Diabetic Patients

Overview

Journal Arq Bras Cardiol

Specialty Cardiology & Vascular Diseases

Date 2022 Jun 29

PMID 35766617

Authors

Abdulrahman Naser

Khagani Isgandarov

Tolga Sinan Guvenc

Rengin Cetin Guvenc

Muslum Sahin

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Background: The accurate determination of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) is important to reach guideline-recommended LDL-C concentrations and to reduce adverse cardiovascular outcomes in diabetic patients. The commonly used Friedewald equation (LDL-Cf), gives inaccurate results in diabetic patients due to accompanying diabetic dyslipidemia. Recently two new equations - Martin/Hopkins (LDL-Cmh) and Sampson (LDL-Cs) - were developed to improve the accuracy of LDL-C estimation, but data are insufficient to suggest the superiority of one equation over the other one.

Objective: The present study compared the accuracy and clinical usefulness of novel Martin/Hopkins and Sampson equations in diabetic patients.

Methods: This study included 402 patients with diabetes. Patients' cardiovascular risk and LDL-C targets were calculated per European guidelines. Calculated LDL-Cmh, LDL-Cs, and LDL-Cf concentrations were compared with direct LDL-C concentration (LDL-Cd) to test agreement between these equations and LDL-Cd. A p-value <0.05 was accepted as statistically significant.

Results: Both LDL-Cmh and LDL-Cs had a better agreement with LDL-Cd as compared to LDL-Cf, but no statistical differences were found among novel equations for agreement with LDL-Cd (Cronbach's alpha 0.955 for both, p=1). Likewise, LDL-Cmh and LDL-Cs showed a similar degree of agreement with LDL-Cd in determining whether a patient was in a guideline-recommended LDL-C target (96.3% for LDL-Cmh and 96.0% for LDL-Cs), which were marginally better than LDL-Cf (94.6%). In patients with a triglyceride concentration >400 mg/dl, agreement with LDL-Cd was poor, regardless of the method used.

Conclusion: Martin/Hopkins and Sampson's equations show a similar accuracy for calculating LDL-C concentrations in patients with diabetes, and both equations were marginally better than the Friedewald equation.

Citing Articles

The clinical impact of estimating low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) using different equations in the general population.

Lam R, Manemann S, Seehusen K, Remaley A, St Sauver J, Jiang R Lipids Health Dis. 2024; 23(1):210.

PMID: 38965543 PMC: 11223329. DOI: 10.1186/s12944-024-02188-9.

Assessing the Practical Differences in LDL-C Estimates Calculated by Friedewald, Martin/Hopkins, or NIH Equation 2: An Observation Cross-Sectional Study.

Wang I, Rahman M, Hou S, Lin H J Lipid Atheroscler. 2023; 12(3):252-266.

PMID: 37800109 PMC: 10548185. DOI: 10.12997/jla.2023.12.3.252.

Analysis of low-density lipoprotein in diabetic patients using the Martin/Hopkins and Sampson equationsReply.

Nascimento C, Mendes R, Botelho Filho C, Barbosa R, Tenorio P Arq Bras Cardiol. 2023; 120(5):e20220859.

PMID: 37255129 PMC: 10348386. DOI: 10.36660/abc.20220859.

Concordance of LDL-C Estimating Equations with Direct Enzymatic Measurement in Diabetic and Prediabetic Subjects.

Bolat S, Zararsiz G, Dogan K, Kochan N, Yerlitas S, Cephe A J Clin Med. 2023; 12(10).

PMID: 37240676 PMC: 10219201. DOI: 10.3390/jcm12103570.

Friedewald, Martin/Hopkins, or Sampson/NIH: Which is the Best Method to Estimate LDL-Cholesterol?.

Cesena F Arq Bras Cardiol. 2022; 119(2):234-235.

PMID: 35946684 PMC: 9363056. DOI: 10.36660/abc.20220455.

References

Miller W, Myers G, Sakurabayashi I, Bachmann L, Caudill S, Dziekonski A . Seven direct methods for measuring HDL and LDL cholesterol compared with ultracentrifugation reference measurement procedures. Clin Chem. 2010; 56(6):977-86. PMC: 4687457. DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2009.142810. View

Rim J, Lee Y, Lee M, Kim H, Choi J, Lee B . Comparison and Validation of 10 Equations Including a Novel Method for Estimation of LDL-cholesterol in a 168,212 Asian Population. Medicine (Baltimore). 2016; 95(14):e3230. PMC: 4998773. DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000003230. View

FRIEDEWALD W, Levy R, Fredrickson D . Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge. Clin Chem. 1972; 18(6):499-502. View

Haffner S, Lehto S, Ronnemaa T, Pyorala K, Laakso M . Mortality from coronary heart disease in subjects with type 2 diabetes and in nondiabetic subjects with and without prior myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 1998; 339(4):229-34. DOI: 10.1056/NEJM199807233390404. View

Saely C, Drexel H . Is type 2 diabetes really a coronary heart disease risk equivalent?. Vascul Pharmacol. 2013; 59(1-2):11-8. DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2013.05.003. View

Martin S, Blaha M, Elshazly M, Toth P, Kwiterovich P, Blumenthal R . Comparison of a novel method vs the Friedewald equation for estimating low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels from the standard lipid profile. JAMA. 2013; 310(19):2061-8. PMC: 4226221. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2013.280532. View

Asarcikli L, Kis M, Guvenc T, Tosun V, Acar B, Avci Demir F . Usefulness of novel Martin/Hopkins and Sampson equations over Friedewald equation in cardiology outpatients: A CVSCORE-TR substudy. Int J Clin Pract. 2021; 75(6):e14090. DOI: 10.1111/ijcp.14090. View

Langlois M, Chapman M, Cobbaert C, Mora S, Remaley A, Ros E . Quantifying Atherogenic Lipoproteins: Current and Future Challenges in the Era of Personalized Medicine and Very Low Concentrations of LDL Cholesterol. A Consensus Statement from EAS and EFLM. Clin Chem. 2018; 64(7):1006-1033. DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2018.287037. View

Zafrir B, Saliba W, Flugelman M . Comparison of Novel Equations for Estimating Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol in Patients Undergoing Coronary Angiography. J Atheroscler Thromb. 2020; 27(12):1359-1373. PMC: 7840162. DOI: 10.5551/jat.57133. View

10.

Mach F, Baigent C, Catapano A, Koskinas K, Casula M, Badimon L . 2019 ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk. Eur Heart J. 2019; 41(1):111-188. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz455. View

11.

Chaen H, Kinchiku S, Miyata M, Kajiya S, Uenomachi H, Yuasa T . Validity of a Novel Method for Estimation of Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels in Diabetic Patients. J Atheroscler Thromb. 2016; 23(12):1355-1364. PMC: 5221498. DOI: 10.5551/jat.35972. View

12.

Almdal T, Scharling H, Skov Jensen J, Vestergaard H . The independent effect of type 2 diabetes mellitus on ischemic heart disease, stroke, and death: a population-based study of 13,000 men and women with 20 years of follow-up. Arch Intern Med. 2004; 164(13):1422-6. DOI: 10.1001/archinte.164.13.1422. View

13.

Grundy S, Stone N, Bailey A, Beam C, Birtcher K, Blumenthal R . 2018 AHA/ACC/AACVPR/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/ADA/AGS/APhA/ASPC/NLA/PCNA Guideline on the Management of Blood Cholesterol: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2018; 139(25):e1082-e1143. PMC: 7403606. DOI: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000625. View

14.

Whiteley L, Padmanabhan S, Hole D, Isles C . Should diabetes be considered a coronary heart disease risk equivalent?: results from 25 years of follow-up in the Renfrew and Paisley survey. Diabetes Care. 2005; 28(7):1588-93. DOI: 10.2337/diacare.28.7.1588. View

15.

Martin S, Blaha M, Elshazly M, Brinton E, Toth P, McEvoy J . Friedewald-estimated versus directly measured low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and treatment implications. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013; 62(8):732-9. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.01.079. View

16.

Bauer F, Seibert F, Rohn B, Babel N, Westhoff T . Estimation of LDL cholesterol in chronic kidney disease. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2021; 28(12):1402-1408. DOI: 10.1093/eurjpc/zwaa003. View

17.

Preiss D, Seshasai S, Welsh P, Murphy S, Ho J, Waters D . Risk of incident diabetes with intensive-dose compared with moderate-dose statin therapy: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2011; 305(24):2556-64. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2011.860. View

18.

Izar M . Can we improve accuracy in LDL-cholesterol estimation in chronic kidney disease?. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2021; 28(12):1409-1410. DOI: 10.1093/eurjpc/zwaa048. View

19.

. 10. Cardiovascular Disease and Risk Management: . Diabetes Care. 2020; 44(Suppl 1):S125-S150. DOI: 10.2337/dc21-S010. View

20.

Sampson M, Ling C, Sun Q, Harb R, Ashmaig M, Warnick R . A New Equation for Calculation of Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol in Patients With Normolipidemia and/or Hypertriglyceridemia. JAMA Cardiol. 2020; 5(5):540-548. PMC: 7240357. DOI: 10.1001/jamacardio.2020.0013. View