MTOR Inhibitor Treatment in Patients with Tuberous Sclerosis Complex Is Associated with Specific Changes in MicroRNA Serum Profile

The aim of this study was to determine the serum profiles of miRNAs in patients with tuberous sclerosis (TSC) upon sirolimus treatment and compare them with those previously treated with everolimus in a similarly designed experiment. Serum microRNA profiling was performed in ten TSC patients before sirolimus therapy and again after 3-6 months using qPCR panels (Exiqon). Of 752 tested miRNAs, 28 showed significant differences in expression between TSC patients before and after sirolimus treatment. Of these, 11 miRNAs were dysregulated in the same directions as in the sirolimus groupcompared with the previously described everolimus group, miR-142-3p, miR-29c-3p, miR-150-5p, miR-425-5p, miR-376a-3p, miR-376a-3p, miR-532-3p, and miR-136-5p were upregulated, while miR-15b-3p, miR-100-5p, and miR-185-5p were downregulated. The most significant changes of expression, with fold changes exceeding 1.25 for both treatments, were noted for miR-136-5p, miR-376a-3p, and miR-150-5p. The results of a pathway analysis of the possible target genes for these miRNAs indicated the involvement of the Ras and MAPK signaling pathway. Upregulation of miR-136, miR-376a-3p, and miR-150-5p was noted in TSC patients treated with mTOR inhibitors, indicating a role in the downregulation of the mTOR pathway. Further studies are needed to determine the relationship between upregulated microRNAs and treatment efficacy.