Evaluation of Thyroid Hormones and Ferritin Level in Patients with β-thalassemia

Overview

Journal Med Pharm Rep

Specialty General Medicine

Date 2022 Jun 20

PMID 35721036

Authors

Sura Zahim Hussein

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Background And Aims: Thalassemia is a condition that affects hemoglobin synthesis and is one of the most common hereditary illnesses in the world. Patients with thalassemia major require several blood transfusions. Multiple blood transfusions cause thyroid dysfunction, which leads to iron excess.

Methods: From August 2019 to January 2020, serum samples were obtained from 90 persons, 30 of whom were healthy, and 60 (46 male and 44 female) with β-thalassemia major, aged 5-20 years, who visited the thalassemia care center at Salah Aldeen General Hospital in Tikrit city.

Results: Patients had a significant increase (P≤0.01) in T4 and TSH hormones when compared to controls, whereas T3 was also significantly higher (P≤0.05) than in controls. Compared to controls, the level of ferritin had a very significant increase (P≤0.01) in all the study patients with beta-thalassemia, male and female.

Conclusions: Thyroid disorders are common in β-thalassemia patients who have been transfused multiple times.

Citing Articles

The impact of various types of α-thalassemia on perinatal complications and pregnancy outcomes in pregnant women.

Li Y, Feng Y, Wei Y, Huang J, Chen H, Wei C Ann Hematol. 2025; .

PMID: 40019545 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-025-06287-0.

Endocrinopathies in beta thalassemia: a narrative review.

Venou T, Barmpageorgopoulou F, Peppa M, Vlachaki E Hormones (Athens). 2023; 23(2):205-216.

PMID: 38103163 DOI: 10.1007/s42000-023-00515-w.

Endocrinopathies in Hemoglobinopathies: What Is the Role of Iron?.

Evangelidis P, Venou T, Fani B, Vlachaki E, Gavriilaki E Int J Mol Sci. 2023; 24(22).

PMID: 38003451 PMC: 10671246. DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216263.

References

Mettananda S, Higgs D . Molecular Basis and Genetic Modifiers of Thalassemia. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 2018; 32(2):177-191. DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2017.11.003. View

Isik P, Yarali N, Tavil B, Demirel F, Karacam G, Sac R . Endocrinopathies in Turkish children with Beta thalassemia major: results from a single center study. Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2014; 31(7):607-15. DOI: 10.3109/08880018.2014.898724. View

De Sanctis V, Soliman A, Candini G, Campisi S, Anastasi S, Iassin M . High prevalence of central hypothyroidism in adult patients with β-thalassemia major. Georgian Med News. 2013; (222):88-94. View

Lara Fernandes J . MRI for Iron Overload in Thalassemia. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 2018; 32(2):277-295. DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2017.11.012. View

Susanah S, Idjradinata P, Sari N, Rakhmilla L, Sribudiani Y, Trisaputra J . Time to Start Delivering Iron Chelation Therapy in Newly Diagnosed Severe -Thalassemia. Biomed Res Int. 2021; 2020:8185016. PMC: 7752293. DOI: 10.1155/2020/8185016. View

Belhoul K, Bakir M, Saned M, Kadhim A, Musallam K, Taher A . Serum ferritin levels and endocrinopathy in medically treated patients with β thalassemia major. Ann Hematol. 2012; 91(7):1107-14. DOI: 10.1007/s00277-012-1412-7. View

Sadeghi-Bojd S, Hashemi M, Karimi M . Renal tubular function in patients with beta-thalassaemia major in Zahedan, southeast Iran. Singapore Med J. 2008; 49(5):410-2. View

Mariotti S, Pigliaru F, Cocco M, Spiga A, Vaquer S, Lai M . β-thalassemia and thyroid failure: is there a role for thyroid autoimmunity?. Pediatr Endocrinol Rev. 2011; 8 Suppl 2:307-9. View

Sheikha A, Salih Z, Kasnazan K, Khoshnaw M, Al-Maliki T, Al-Azraqi T . Prevention of overwhelming postsplenectomy infection in thalassemia patients by partial rather than total splenectomy. Can J Surg. 2007; 50(5):382-6. PMC: 2386178. View

10.

Dubey A, Parakh A, Dublish S . Current trends in the management of beta thalassemia. Indian J Pediatr. 2008; 75(7):739-43. DOI: 10.1007/s12098-008-0140-4. View

11.

Porter J, Garbowski M . Interaction of Transfusion and Iron Chelation in Thalassemias. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 2018; 32(2):247-259. DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2017.11.010. View

12.

De Sanctis V, De Sanctis E, Ricchieri P, Gubellini E, Gilli G, Gamberini M . Mild subclinical hypothyroidism in thalassaemia major: prevalence, multigated radionuclide test, clinical and laboratory long-term follow-up study. Pediatr Endocrinol Rev. 2009; 6 Suppl 1:174-80. View

13.

Zekavat O, Makarem A, Haghpanah S, Karamizadeh Z, Javad P, Karimi M . Hypothyroidism in β-Thalassemia Intermedia Patients with and without Hydroxyurea. Iran J Med Sci. 2014; 39(1):60-3. PMC: 3895896. View

14.

De Domenico I, Ward D, Kaplan J . Regulation of iron acquisition and storage: consequences for iron-linked disorders. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2007; 9(1):72-81. DOI: 10.1038/nrm2295. View

15.

Biffi A . Gene Therapy as a Curative Option for β-Thalassemia. N Engl J Med. 2018; 378(16):1551-1552. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMe1802169. View