The Role of Landiolol in the Management of Atrial Tachyarrhythmias in Patients with Acute Heart Failure and Cardiogenic Shock: Case Reports and Review of Literature

Atrial tachyarrhythmias and worsening heart failure frequently coexist and potentially progress to a life threatening condition. Therapeutic approach requires simultaneous management of rapid ventricular response and heart failure symptom relief in order to improve haemodynamic stability and cardiac function. Landiolol is an ultra-short-acting b-adrenergic receptor blocker with high b1 selectivity incorporated in 2020 European Society of Cardiology guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation. We provide a report of two cases with atrial fibrillation treated with landiolol in the acute setting of pulmonary oedema and cardiogenic shock, respectively. Additionally, we searched the international database PUBMED (MEDLINE, PubMed Central) to retrieve scientific evidence regarding its implementation in the treatment of atrial tachyarrhythmias in patients with cardiac dysfunction. Recent studies support the use of landiolol in patients with acute heart failure and atrial tachyarrhythmias. Compared to digoxin, landiolol proved to be more effective in controlling heart rate, with minimal adverse effects. Moreover, landiolol may be helpful in the conversion of atrial tachyarrhythmia to sinus rhythm. A more potent effect has been reported in patients with heart failure with preserved or mildly reduced ejection fraction, small left ventricular volume and high blood pressure. Likewise, administration of low doses of landiolol in patients with cardiogenic shock and atrial tachyarrhythmias reduced heart rate and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and improved cardiac contractility without reducing blood pressure. Landiolol seems to be an attractive alternative in the acute management of patients with atrial tachyarrhythmias and cardiac dysfunction, though further clinical trials are needed to establish its role.