Canine Neonatal Assessment by Vitality Score, Amniotic Fluid, Urine, and Umbilical Cord Blood Analysis of Glucose, Lactate, and Cortisol: Possible Influence of Parturition Type?

Overview

Journal Animals (Basel)

Date 2022 May 28

PMID 35625093

Authors

Tanja Plavec

Tanja Knific

Aleksandra Slapsak

Sara Raspor

Barbara Lukanc

Maja Zakosek Pipan

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of parturition type on vitality in newborn puppies, their weight gains, and survival in the first week postpartum. One hundred and twenty-three puppies were divided in three groups: vaginal parturition (VP), emergency (EM-CS), and elective cesarean section (EL-CS). Apgar scores were assessed 5, 15, and 60 min postpartum. Lactate and glucose concentrations were measured in amniotic fluid and umbilical blood; cortisol concentrations were measured in amniotic fluid and puppy urine. Puppies' weight gain was tracked daily for 7 days postpartum. Apgar score at 5 and 15 min was significantly better in the VP group. EL-CS puppies had significantly lower umbilical blood and amniotic fluid lactate concentrations compared to the VP group, which also had higher umbilical blood lactate concentration than EM-CS puppies. The cortisol concentration in the amniotic fluid and in urine differed significantly between the groups, with the highest concentration in the EM-CS, followed by the VP group. Glucose concentration in amniotic fluid was higher in the VP group than EM-CS group. The type of parturition had no impact on puppies' weight gain or their survival at birth; however, supportive treatment was provided for non-vital puppies. Non-invasive analysis of puppies' fluids could help in the assessment of the neonatal vitality.

Citing Articles

Neonatal Clinical Assessment of the Puppy and Kitten: How to Identify Newborns at Risk?.

Pereira K, Fuchs K, Mendonca J, Xavier G, Camara D, Cruz R Animals (Basel). 2024; 14(23).

PMID: 39682383 PMC: 11640698. DOI: 10.3390/ani14233417.

Neonatal hypoglycemia in dogs-pathophysiology, risk factors, diagnosis and treatment.

Fuchs K, Pereira K, Xavier G, Mendonca J, Barreto R, Silva R Front Vet Sci. 2024; 11:1345933.

PMID: 38756508 PMC: 11096582. DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1345933.

Apgar scores in puppies following the induction of etomidate compared with alfaxalone or propofol for cesarean section.

Srithunyarat T, Jitpean S, Wipoosak P, Nonthakotr C, Boonbal N, Kunkitti P Vet World. 2024; 17(3):527-534.

PMID: 38680154 PMC: 11045537. DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2024.527-534.

Beyond Birth: Pioneering Insights into Colostrum Quality Variation among Bitches with Different Types of Parturition.

Zakosek Pipan M, Sternisa M, Plavec T Vet Sci. 2024; 11(3).

PMID: 38535848 PMC: 10974616. DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11030114.

Apgar Score for Newborn Dog Viability Assessment: Differences between English and French Bulldogs Born via Cesarean Section.

Veronesi M, Bucci R, Probo M, Faustini M, Fusi J Animals (Basel). 2023; 13(21).

PMID: 37958072 PMC: 10650617. DOI: 10.3390/ani13213318.

References

Bolis B, Scarpa P, Rota A, Vitiello T, Veronesi M . Association of amniotic uric acid, glucose, lactate and creatinine concentrations and lactate/creatinine ratio with newborn survival in small-sized dogs - preliminary results. Acta Vet Hung. 2018; 66(1):125-136. DOI: 10.1556/004.2018.012. View

Bakker P, Kurver P, Kuik D, van Geijn H . Elevated uterine activity increases the risk of fetal acidosis at birth. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2007; 196(4):313.e1-6. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2006.11.035. View

Lucio C, Silva L, Rodrigues J, Veiga G, Vannucchi C . Acid-base changes in canine neonates following normal birth or dystocia. Reprod Domest Anim. 2009; 44 Suppl 2:208-10. DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2009.01428.x. View

Zakosek Pipan M, Svara T, Zdovc I, Papic B, Avbersek J, Kusar D . Staphylococcus pseudintermedius septicemia in puppies after elective cesarean section: confirmed transmission via dam's milk. BMC Vet Res. 2019; 15(1):41. PMC: 6348621. DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-1795-y. View

Antonczyk A, Ochota M, Nizanski W . Umbilical Cord Blood Gas Parameters and Apgar Scoring in Assessment of New-Born Dogs Delivered by Cesarean Section. Animals (Basel). 2021; 11(3). PMC: 8000146. DOI: 10.3390/ani11030685. View

Tonnessen R, Borge K, Nodtvedt A, Indrebo A . Canine perinatal mortality: a cohort study of 224 breeds. Theriogenology. 2012; 77(9):1788-801. DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2011.12.023. View

Fusi J, Faustini M, Bolis B, Veronesi M . Apgar score or birthweight in Chihuahua dogs born by elective Caesarean section: which is the best predictor of the survival at 24 h after birth?. Acta Vet Scand. 2020; 62(1):39. PMC: 7376849. DOI: 10.1186/s13028-020-00538-y. View

Fusi J, Carluccio A, Peric T, Faustini M, Prandi A, Veronesi M . Effect of Delivery by Emergency or Elective Cesarean Section on Nitric Oxide Metabolites and Cortisol Amniotic Concentrations in at Term Normal Newborn Dogs: Preliminary Results. Animals (Basel). 2021; 11(3). PMC: 8000233. DOI: 10.3390/ani11030713. View

Vassalo F, Simoes C, Sudano M, Prestes N, Lopes M, Chiacchio S . Topics in the routine assessment of newborn puppy viability. Top Companion Anim Med. 2015; 30(1):16-21. DOI: 10.1053/j.tcam.2015.02.003. View

10.

Castagnetti C, Cunto M, Bini C, Mariella J, Capolongo S, Zambelli D . Time-dependent changes and prognostic value of lactatemia during the first 24 h of life in brachycephalic newborn dogs. Theriogenology. 2017; 94:100-104. DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2017.01.040. View

11.

Munnich A, Kuchenmeister U . Causes, diagnosis and therapy of common diseases in neonatal puppies in the first days of life: cornerstones of practical approach. Reprod Domest Anim. 2014; 49 Suppl 2:64-74. DOI: 10.1111/rda.12329. View

12.

Moon P, Erb H, Ludders J, Gleed R, Pascoe P . Perioperative risk factors for puppies delivered by cesarean section in the United States and Canada. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 2000; 36(4):359-68. DOI: 10.5326/15473317-36-4-359. View

13.

Batista M, Moreno C, Vilar J, Golding M, Brito C, Santana M . Neonatal viability evaluation by Apgar score in puppies delivered by cesarean section in two brachycephalic breeds (English and French bulldog). Anim Reprod Sci. 2014; 146(3-4):218-26. DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2014.03.003. View

14.

Pang D, Boysen S . Lactate in veterinary critical care: pathophysiology and management. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 2007; 43(5):270-9. DOI: 10.5326/0430270. View

15.

Lucio C, Silva L, Vannucchi C . Perinatal cortisol and blood glucose concentrations in bitches and neonatal puppies: effects of mode of whelping. Domest Anim Endocrinol. 2020; 74:106483. DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2020.106483. View

16.

Vilar J, Batista M, Perez R, Zagorskaia A, Jouanisson E, Diaz-Bertrana L . Comparison of 3 anesthetic protocols for the elective cesarean-section in the dog: Effects on the bitch and the newborn puppies. Anim Reprod Sci. 2018; 190:53-62. DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2018.01.007. View

17.

Veronesi M . Assessment of canine neonatal viability-the Apgar score. Reprod Domest Anim. 2016; 51 Suppl 1:46-50. DOI: 10.1111/rda.12787. View

18.

Armstrong L, Stenson B . Use of umbilical cord blood gas analysis in the assessment of the newborn. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2007; 92(6):F430-4. PMC: 2675384. DOI: 10.1136/adc.2006.099846. View

19.

Bergstrom A, Fransson B, Lagerstedt A, Olsson K . Primary uterine inertia in 27 bitches: aetiology and treatment. J Small Anim Pract. 2006; 47(8):456-60. DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2006.00071.x. View

20.

Groppetti D, Martino P, Ravasio G, Bronzo V, Pecile A . Prognostic potential of amniotic fluid analysis at birth on canine neonatal outcomes. Vet J. 2015; 206(3):423-5. DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.08.026. View