Epidemiological Status of Thyroid Eye Disease in Central Iran

Overview

Journal J Curr Ophthalmol

Date 2022 May 27

PMID 35620368

Authors

Bahram Eshraghi

Mojgan Nikdel

Maryam Abbasi

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Purpose: To focus on clinical manifestations and epidemiology of thyroid eye disease (TED) in Central Iran's population.

Methods: In this retrospective case study, we analyzed all patients with TED who were referred to our oculoplastic clinic from 2015 to 2019. The patients' epidemiological characteristics and clinical presentation were compared between different thyroid disease groups and genders.

Results: Overall, 383 patients (155 male; 40.5% and 228 female; 59.5%) were included. The mean age was 39.55 years (standard deviation ± 13.45, range 10-72). Most patients (89%) were hyperthyroid with the highest duration of ocular involvement among all categories (25.6 months). The most common signs on ophthalmic examinations were proptosis (80.4%), followed by eyelid retraction (72.3.0%). TED was classified as mild in 24.5%, moderate to severe in 67.6%, and sight-threatening in 7.9%. Thirty patients (7.8%) had active TED.

Conclusions: This series with a relatively more significant number of TED cases in Central Iran found similar epidemiological and clinical characteristics of TED compared to other studies from Iran. Most of our patients were hyperthyroid, with more females compared to males. Proptosis and eyelid retraction were the most common manifestations. Most TED patients were classified as moderate to severe.

Citing Articles

Implementation of thyroid eye disease registry in Iran: rationale and research protocol.

Akbarian S, Sheikhtaheri A, Khorrami F, Ghahvechian H, Karimi N, Kashkouli M Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2024; 19(1):42.

PMID: 38321499 PMC: 10845661. DOI: 10.1186/s13023-024-03053-9.

References

Bartley G, Gorman C . Diagnostic criteria for Graves' ophthalmopathy. Am J Ophthalmol. 1995; 119(6):792-5. DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9394(14)72787-4. View

Gurdal C, Sarac O, Genc I, Kirimlioglu H, Takmaz T, Can I . Ocular surface and dry eye in Graves' disease. Curr Eye Res. 2010; 36(1):8-13. DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2010.526285. View

Bartalena L, Tanda M, Bogazzi F, Piantanida E, Lai A, Martino E . An update on the pharmacological management of hyperthyroidism due to Graves' disease. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2005; 6(6):851-61. DOI: 10.1517/14656566.6.6.851. View

Lee M, Chin Y, Ng C, Nistala K, Ow Z, Sundar G . Risk Factors of Thyroid Eye Disease. Endocr Pract. 2021; 27(3):245-253. DOI: 10.1016/j.eprac.2020.11.011. View

Gharib S, Moazezi Z, Bayani M . Prevalence and severity of ocular involvement in Graves' disease according to sex and age: A clinical study from Babol, Iran. Caspian J Intern Med. 2018; 9(2):178-183. PMC: 5912227. DOI: 10.22088/cjim.9.2.178. View

Eslami F, Borzouei S, Khanlarzadeh E, Seif S . Prevalence of increased intraocular pressure in patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy and association with ophthalmic signs and symptoms in the north-west of Iran. Clin Ophthalmol. 2019; 13:1353-1359. PMC: 6664247. DOI: 10.2147/OPTH.S205112. View

Ackuaku-Dogbe E, Akpalu J, Abaidoo B . Epidemiology and Clinical Features of Thyroid-associated Orbitopathy in Accra. Middle East Afr J Ophthalmol. 2018; 24(4):183-189. PMC: 5793449. DOI: 10.4103/meajo.MEAJO_91_17. View

Enzmann D, Donaldson S, KRISS J . Appearance of Graves' disease on orbital computed tomography. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1979; 3(6):815-9. View

Phelps P, Williams K . Thyroid eye disease for the primary care physician. Dis Mon. 2014; 60(6):292-8. DOI: 10.1016/j.disamonth.2014.03.010. View

10.

Lat A, Jauculan M, Sanchez C, Jimeno C, Sison-Pena C, Pe-Yan M . Risk Factors Associated with the Activity and Severity of Graves' Ophthalmopathy among Patients at the University of the Philippines Manila-Philippine General Hospital. J ASEAN Fed Endocr Soc. 2021; 32(2):151-157. PMC: 7784205. DOI: 10.15605/jafes.032.02.09. View

11.

Savku E, Gunduz K . Diagnosis, Follow-Up and Treatment Results in Thyroid Ophthalmopathy. Turk J Ophthalmol. 2015; 45(4):156-163. PMC: 5082274. DOI: 10.4274/tjo.93609. View

12.

Bartalena L, Baldeschi L, Dickinson A, Eckstein A, Kendall-Taylor P, Marcocci C . Consensus statement of the European Group on Graves' orbitopathy (EUGOGO) on management of GO. Eur J Endocrinol. 2008; 158(3):273-85. DOI: 10.1530/EJE-07-0666. View

13.

Medghalchi A, Akbari M, Alizadeh Y, Moghadam R . The epidemiological characteristics of patients with thyroid eye disease in a referral center in northern Iran. J Curr Ophthalmol. 2018; 30(4):353-358. PMC: 6276727. DOI: 10.1016/j.joco.2018.07.001. View

14.

Mourits M, Koornneef L, Wiersinga W, Prummel M, Berghout A, van der Gaag R . Clinical criteria for the assessment of disease activity in Graves' ophthalmopathy: a novel approach. Br J Ophthalmol. 1989; 73(8):639-44. PMC: 1041835. DOI: 10.1136/bjo.73.8.639. View

15.

Chin Y, Ng C, Lee M, Koh J, Kiew J, Yang S . Prevalence of thyroid eye disease in Graves' disease: A meta-analysis and systematic review. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2020; 93(4):363-374. DOI: 10.1111/cen.14296. View

16.

Li Q, Ye H, Ding Y, Chen G, Liu Z, Xu J . Clinical characteristics of moderate-to-severe thyroid associated ophthalmopathy in 354 Chinese cases. PLoS One. 2017; 12(5):e0176064. PMC: 5417486. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176064. View

17.

Kashkouli M, Kaghazkanani R, Heidari I, Ketabi N, Jam S, Azarnia S . Bilateral versus unilateral thyroid eye disease. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2011; 59(5):363-6. PMC: 3159317. DOI: 10.4103/0301-4738.83612. View

18.

Prummel M, Bakker A, Wiersinga W, Baldeschi L, Mourits M, Kendall-Taylor P . Multi-center study on the characteristics and treatment strategies of patients with Graves' orbitopathy: the first European Group on Graves' Orbitopathy experience. Eur J Endocrinol. 2003; 148(5):491-5. DOI: 10.1530/eje.0.1480491. View

19.

Bahn R, Heufelder A . Pathogenesis of Graves' ophthalmopathy. N Engl J Med. 1993; 329(20):1468-75. DOI: 10.1056/NEJM199311113292007. View

20.

Ludgate M, Crisp M, Lane C, Costagliola S, Vassart G, Weetman A . The thyrotropin receptor in thyroid eye disease. Thyroid. 1998; 8(5):411-3. DOI: 10.1089/thy.1998.8.411. View