Transposable Element Accumulation Drives Size Differences Among Polymorphic Y Chromosomes in

Y Chromosomes of many species are gene poor and show low levels of nucleotide variation, yet they often display high amounts of structural diversity. Dobzhansky cataloged several morphologically distinct Y Chromosomes in that differ in size and shape, but the molecular causes of their large size differences are unclear. Here we use cytogenetics and long-read sequencing to study the sequence content of polymorphic Y Chromosomes in We show that Y Chromosomes differ almost twofold in size, ranging from 30 to 60 Mb. Most of this size difference is caused by a handful of active transposable elements (TEs) that have recently expanded on the largest Y Chromosome, with different elements being responsible for Y expansion on differently sized Y's. We show that Y Chromosomes differ in their heterochromatin enrichment and expression of Y-enriched TEs, and also influence expression of dozens of autosomal and X-linked genes. The same helitron element that showed the most drastic amplification on the largest Y in independently amplified on a polymorphic large Y Chromosome in , suggesting that some TEs are inherently more prone to become deregulated on Y Chromosomes.