Red Light-Emitting Thermally-Activated Delayed Fluorescence of Naphthalimide-Phenoxazine Electron Donor-Acceptor Dyad: Time-Resolved Optical and Magnetic Spectroscopic Studies

We prepared an orthogonal compact electron-donor (phenoxazine, PXZ)-acceptor (naphthalimide, NI) dyad (NI-PXZ), to study the photophysics of the thermally-activated delayed fluorescence (TADF), which has a luminescence lifetime of 16.4 ns (99.2 %)/17.0 μs (0.80 %). A weak charge transfer (CT) absorption band was observed for the dyad, indicating non-negligible electronic coupling between the donor and acceptor at the ground state. Femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy shows a fast charge separation (CS) (ca. 2.02∼2.72 ps), the majority of the singlet CS state is short-lived, especially in polar solvents (τ = 10.3 ps in acetonitrile, vs. 1.83 ns in toluene, 7.81 ns in n-hexane). Nanosecond transient absorption spectroscopy detects a long-lived transient species in n-hexane, which is with a mixed triplet local excited state ( LE) and charge separated state ( CS), the lifetime is 15.4 μs. In polar solvents, such as tetrahydrofuran and acetonitrile, a neat CS state was observed, whose lifetimes are 226 ns and 142 ns, respectively. Time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance (TREPR) spectra indicate the existence of strongly spin exchanged LE/ CT states, with the effective zero field splitting (ZFS) |D| and |E| parameters of 1484 MHz and 109 MHz, respectively, much smaller than that of the native NI state (2475 and 135 MHz). It is rare but solid experimental evidence that a closely-lying LE state is crucial for occurrence of TADF and this LE state is an essential intermediate state to facilitate reverse intersystem crossing in TADF systems.