High Prevalence of Vancomycin Non-susceptible and Multi-drug Resistant Enterococci in Farmed Animals and Fresh Retail Meats in Bangladesh

Overview

Journal Vet Res Commun

Publisher Springer

Specialty Veterinary Medicine

Date 2022 Mar 26

PMID 35338457

Authors

Mohammed A Samad

Md Shahjalal Sagor

Muhammad Sazzad Hossain

Md Rezaul Karim

Mohammad Asheak Mahmud

Md Samun Sarker

Fahria A Shownaw

Zakaria Mia

Roderick M Card

Agnes Agunos

Lindahl Johanna

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

The emergence of antimicrobial resistant Enterococcus spp., a main cause of untreatable nosocomial infection, in food animals and dissemination to humans is a public health risk. The study was performed to determine the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance, and virulence characteristics of Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium in food animals and meats in Bangladesh. Enterococcus spp., were confirmed using sodA gene specific PCR, and antimicrobial resistance and virulence properties were characterized by PCR. Enterococcus spp. were recovered from 57% of the collected samples (n = 201/352). Farm samples yielded significantly higher (p ≤ 0.05) prevalence (62%) than that of retail meat samples (41%). E. faecalis (52%) is most frequently isolated species. Greater proportions of isolates exhibited resistance to tetracycline (74%), erythromycin (65%) and ciprofloxacin (34%). Fifty-one isolates are vancomycin non-susceptible enterococci (VNSE), of which forty-seven are MDR and twenty are linezolid resistant, a last line drug for VNSE. Virulence factors such as gelatinase (gelE), aggregation factor (asa1) and sex pheromone (cpd) are detected along with vancomycin resistance gene (vanA, vanB and vanC2/C3) in VNSE isolates. The high prevalence of MDR enterococci in food animals and retail meats may cause consumers infections with concomitant reduction of available therapeutic options.

Citing Articles

Prevalence of Vancomycin-Variable Enterococci from the Bloodstream in the Korea Global Antibiotic Resistance Surveillance System, 2017-2022.

Lee S, Nam J, Kim J, Kim S, Yoo J Antibiotics (Basel). 2025; 13(12.

PMID: 39766600 PMC: 11672432. DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13121210.

Assessment of prevalence, antibiotic resistance, and virulence profiles of biofilm-forming isolated from raw seafood in Bangladesh.

Ullah M, Islam M, Ferdous F, Rana M, Hassan J, Rahman M Heliyon. 2024; 10(20):e39294.

PMID: 39640770 PMC: 11620263. DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e39294.

A first study of meat-borne enterococci from butcher shops: prevalence, virulence characteristics, antibiotic resistance and clonal relationship.

Cebeci T, Tanriverdi E, Otlu B Vet Res Commun. 2024; 48(6):3669-3682.

PMID: 39215893 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-024-10516-8.

Genetic analysis of vancomycin-variable Enterococcus faecium clinical isolates in Italy.

Coccitto S, Cinthi M, Simoni S, Pocognoli A, Zeni G, Mazzariol A Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2024; 43(4):673-682.

PMID: 38296911 PMC: 10965585. DOI: 10.1007/s10096-024-04768-0.

Vancomycin-variable enterococci in sheep and cattle isolates and whole-genome sequencing analysis of isolates harboring and genes.

Onaran Acar B, Cengiz G, Goncuoglu M Iran J Vet Res. 2024; 24(3):182-192.

PMID: 38269016 PMC: 10804430. DOI: 10.22099/IJVR.2023.47465.6855.

References

Ahmed I, Rabbi M, Sultana S . Antibiotic resistance in Bangladesh: A systematic review. Int J Infect Dis. 2019; 80:54-61. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2018.12.017. View

Ahmed M, Baptiste K . Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci: A Review of Antimicrobial Resistance Mechanisms and Perspectives of Human and Animal Health. Microb Drug Resist. 2017; 24(5):590-606. DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2017.0147. View

Arias C, Murray B . The rise of the Enterococcus: beyond vancomycin resistance. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2012; 10(4):266-78. PMC: 3621121. DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro2761. View

Aslam M, Diarra M, Checkley S, Bohaychuk V, Masson L . Characterization of antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes in Enterococcus spp. isolated from retail meats in Alberta, Canada. Int J Food Microbiol. 2012; 156(3):222-30. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2012.03.026. View

Clark N, Teixeira L, Facklam R, Tenover F . Detection and differentiation of vanC-1, vanC-2, and vanC-3 glycopeptide resistance genes in enterococci. J Clin Microbiol. 1998; 36(8):2294-7. PMC: 105034. DOI: 10.1128/JCM.36.8.2294-2297.1998. View

Downing M, Xiong J, Eshaghi A, McGeer A, Patel S, Johnstone J . Vancomycin-Variable Enterococcal Bacteremia. J Clin Microbiol. 2015; 53(12):3951-3. PMC: 4652112. DOI: 10.1128/JCM.02046-15. View

Guerrero-Ramos E, Molina-Gonzalez D, Blanco-Moran S, Igrejas G, Poeta P, Alonso-Calleja C . Prevalence, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Genotypic Characterization of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci in Meat Preparations. J Food Prot. 2016; 79(5):748-56. DOI: 10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-15-390. View

Hammerum A, Lester C, Heuer O . Antimicrobial-resistant enterococci in animals and meat: a human health hazard?. Foodborne Pathog Dis. 2010; 7(10):1137-46. DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2010.0552. View

Hollenbeck B, Rice L . Intrinsic and acquired resistance mechanisms in enterococcus. Virulence. 2012; 3(5):421-33. PMC: 3485979. DOI: 10.4161/viru.21282. View

10.

Hong H, Hutchings M, Buttner M . Vancomycin resistance VanS/VanR two-component systems. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2008; 631:200-13. DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-78885-2_14. View

11.

Jackson C, Fedorka-Cray P, Barrett J . Use of a genus- and species-specific multiplex PCR for identification of enterococci. J Clin Microbiol. 2004; 42(8):3558-65. PMC: 497640. DOI: 10.1128/JCM.42.8.3558-3565.2004. View

12.

Lopez-Salas P, Llaca-Diaz J, Morfin-Otero R, Tinoco J, Rodriguez-Noriega E, Salcido-Gutierres L . Virulence and antibiotic resistance of Enterococcus faecalis clinical isolates recovered from three states of Mexico. Detection of linezolid resistance. Arch Med Res. 2013; 44(6):422-8. DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2013.07.003. View

13.

Maasjost J, Muhldorfer K, Cortez de Jackel S , Hafez H . Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns of Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium Isolated from Poultry Flocks in Germany. Avian Dis. 2015; 59(1):143-8. DOI: 10.1637/10928-090314-regr. View

14.

Magiorakos A, Srinivasan A, Carey R, Carmeli Y, Falagas M, Giske C . Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: an international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2011; 18(3):268-81. DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x. View

15.

Mannu L, Paba A, Daga E, Comunian R, Zanetti S, Dupre I . Comparison of the incidence of virulence determinants and antibiotic resistance between Enterococcus faecium strains of dairy, animal and clinical origin. Int J Food Microbiol. 2003; 88(2-3):291-304. DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1605(03)00191-0. View

16.

de Moura T, Cassenego A, Campos F, Ribeiro A, Franco A, DAzevedo P . Detection of vanC1 gene transcription in vancomycin-susceptible Enterococcus faecalis. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2013; 108(4):453-6. PMC: 3970631. DOI: 10.1590/S0074-0276108042013009. View

17.

Ngbede E, Raji M, Kwanashie C, Kwaga J . Antimicrobial resistance and virulence profile of enterococci isolated from poultry and cattle sources in Nigeria. Trop Anim Health Prod. 2016; 49(3):451-458. DOI: 10.1007/s11250-016-1212-5. View

18.

Ogier J, Serror P . Safety assessment of dairy microorganisms: the Enterococcus genus. Int J Food Microbiol. 2007; 126(3):291-301. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.08.017. View

19.

Poeta P, Costa D, Rodrigues J, Torres C . Antimicrobial resistance and the mechanisms implicated in faecal enterococci from healthy humans, poultry and pets in Portugal. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2006; 27(2):131-7. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2005.09.018. View

20.

Poyart C, Quesnes G, Trieu-Cuot P . Sequencing the gene encoding manganese-dependent superoxide dismutase for rapid species identification of enterococci. J Clin Microbiol. 2000; 38(1):415-8. PMC: 88737. DOI: 10.1128/JCM.38.1.415-418.2000. View