Sex Moderates the Relationship Between Perceptual-Motor Function and Single-Leg Squatting Mechanics

Overview

Journal J Sports Sci Med

Specialty Orthopedics

Date 2022 Mar 7

PMID 35250339

Authors

Jennifer A Hogg

Jason M Avedesian

Jed A Diekfuss

Shellie N Acocello

Rylee D Shimmin

Elisabeth A Kelley

Deborah A Kostrub

Gregory D Myer

Gary B Wilkerson

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

To examine the isolated and combined effects of sex and perceptual-motor function on single-leg squatting mechanics in males and females. We employed a cross-sectional design in a research laboratory. Fifty-eight females (22.2 ± 3.5 yrs, 1.60 ± .07 m, 64.1 ± 13.0 kg) and 35 males (23.5 ± 5.0 yrs, 1.80 ± .06m, 84.7 ± 15.3 kg) free from time-loss injury in the six months prior, vertigo, and vestibular conditions participated in this study. Independent variables were sex, perceptual-motor metrics (reaction time, efficiency index, conflict discrepancy), and interaction effects. Dependent variables were peak frontal plane angles of knee projection, ipsilateral trunk flexion, and contralateral pelvic drop during single-leg squatting. After accounting for the sex-specific variance and perceptual-motor function effects on frontal plane squatting kinematics, female sex amplified the associations of: higher reaction time, lower efficiency index, and higher conflict discrepancy with greater right ipsilateral peak trunk lean (R = .13; p = .05); higher reaction time, lower efficiency index, and higher conflict discrepancy with decreased right contralateral pelvic drop (R = .22; p < .001); higher reaction time and lower conflict discrepancy with greater right frontal plane knee projection angle (R = .12; p = .03); and higher reaction time with greater left frontal plane knee projection angle (R = .22; p < .001). Female sex amplified the relationship between perceptual-motor function and two-dimensional frontal plane squatting kinematics. Future work should determine the extent to which perceptual-motor improvements translate to safer movement strategies.

References

Pontifex M, OConnor P, Broglio S, Hillman C . The association between mild traumatic brain injury history and cognitive control. Neuropsychologia. 2009; 47(14):3210-6. DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.07.021. View

Petrovic M, Sigurdsson H, Sigurdsson H, Sveinsson T, Briem K . Effect of Sex on Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury-Related Biomechanics During the Cutting Maneuver in Preadolescent Athletes. Orthop J Sports Med. 2020; 8(7):2325967120936980. PMC: 7378718. DOI: 10.1177/2325967120936980. View

Wilkerson G, Simpson K, Clark R . Assessment and Training of Visuomotor Reaction Time for Football Injury Prevention. J Sport Rehabil. 2016; 26(1):26-34. DOI: 10.1123/jsr.2015-0068. View

Hewett T, Myer G . The mechanistic connection between the trunk, hip, knee, and anterior cruciate ligament injury. Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 2011; 39(4):161-6. PMC: 4168968. DOI: 10.1097/JES.0b013e3182297439. View

Bram J, Magee L, Mehta N, Patel N, Ganley T . Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury Incidence in Adolescent Athletes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Am J Sports Med. 2020; 49(7):1962-1972. DOI: 10.1177/0363546520959619. View

Dingenen B, Malfait B, Nijs S, Peers K, Vereecken S, Verschueren S . Can two-dimensional video analysis during single-leg drop vertical jumps help identify non-contact knee injury risk? A one-year prospective study. Clin Biomech (Bristol). 2015; 30(8):781-7. DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2015.06.013. View

Pollard C, Sigward S, Powers C . Gender differences in hip joint kinematics and kinetics during side-step cutting maneuver. Clin J Sport Med. 2007; 17(1):38-42. DOI: 10.1097/JSM.0b013e3180305de8. View

Wilkerson G, Acocello S, Davis M, Ramos J, Rucker A, Hogg J . Wellness Survey Responses and Smartphone App Response Efficiency: Associations With Remote History of Sport-Related Concussion. Percept Mot Skills. 2020; 128(2):714-730. DOI: 10.1177/0031512520983680. View

Burcal C, Needle A, Custer L, Rosen A . The Effects of Cognitive Loading on Motor Behavior in Injured Individuals: A Systematic Review. Sports Med. 2019; 49(8):1233-1253. DOI: 10.1007/s40279-019-01116-7. View

10.

Hogg J, Ackerman T, Nguyen A, Ross S, Schmitz R, Vanrenterghem J . The Effects of Gluteal Strength and Activation on the Relationship Between Femoral Alignment and Functional Valgus Collapse During a Single-Leg Landing. J Sport Rehabil. 2021; 30(6):942-951. DOI: 10.1123/jsr.2019-0528. View

11.

De Beaumont L, Theoret H, Mongeon D, Messier J, Leclerc S, Tremblay S . Brain function decline in healthy retired athletes who sustained their last sports concussion in early adulthood. Brain. 2009; 132(Pt 3):695-708. DOI: 10.1093/brain/awn347. View

12.

Munafo J, Diedrick M, Stoffregen T . The virtual reality head-mounted display Oculus Rift induces motion sickness and is sexist in its effects. Exp Brain Res. 2016; 235(3):889-901. DOI: 10.1007/s00221-016-4846-7. View

13.

Herman D, Barth J . Drop-Jump Landing Varies With Baseline Neurocognition: Implications for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury Risk and Prevention. Am J Sports Med. 2016; 44(9):2347-53. PMC: 6039105. DOI: 10.1177/0363546516657338. View

14.

Dykiert D, Der G, Starr J, Deary I . Sex differences in reaction time mean and intraindividual variability across the life span. Dev Psychol. 2012; 48(5):1262-76. DOI: 10.1037/a0027550. View

15.

Stern B, Hegedus E, Lai Y . State dependence: Does a prior injury predict a future injury?. Phys Ther Sport. 2021; 49:8-14. DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2021.01.008. View

16.

Lopes T, Ferrari D, Ioannidis J, Simic M, de Azevedo F, Pappas E . Reliability and Validity of Frontal Plane Kinematics of the Trunk and Lower Extremity Measured With 2-Dimensional Cameras During Athletic Tasks: A Systematic Review With Meta-analysis. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2018; 48(10):812-822. DOI: 10.2519/jospt.2018.8006. View

17.

Avedesian J, Forbes W, Covassin T, Dufek J . Influence of Cognitive Performance on Musculoskeletal Injury Risk: A Systematic Review. Am J Sports Med. 2021; 50(2):554-562. DOI: 10.1177/0363546521998081. View

18.

Munro A, Herrington L, Comfort P . The Relationship Between 2-Dimensional Knee-Valgus Angles During Single-Leg Squat, Single-Leg-Land, and Drop-Jump Screening Tests. J Sport Rehabil. 2017; 26(1):72-77. DOI: 10.1123/jsr.2015-0102. View

19.

Cronstrom A, Creaby M, Nae J, Ageberg E . Gender differences in knee abduction during weight-bearing activities: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Gait Posture. 2016; 49:315-328. DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2016.07.107. View

20.

Schmitz R, Kulas A, Perrin D, Riemann B, Shultz S . Sex differences in lower extremity biomechanics during single leg landings. Clin Biomech (Bristol). 2007; 22(6):681-8. DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2007.03.001. View