» Articles » PMID: 35159330

Nuclear Localization Sequence of FGF1 Is Not Required for Its Intracellular Anti-Apoptotic Activity in Differentiated Cells

Overview
Journal Cells
Publisher MDPI
Date 2022 Feb 15
PMID 35159330
Authors
Affiliations
Soon will be listed here.
Abstract

Fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF1) is considered primarily as a ligand for FGF surface receptors (FGFRs) through which it activates a number of cellular responses. In addition to its canonical mode of action, FGF1 can act intracellularly, before secretion or after internalization and translocation from the cell exterior. The role of FGF1 inside the cell is to provide additional protection against apoptosis and promote cell survival. The FGF1 protein contains a specific N-terminal nuclear localization sequence (NLS) that is essential for its efficient transport to the nucleus. Here, we investigated the role of this sequence in the anti-apoptotic response of FGF1. To this end, we produced recombinant FGF1 variants with mutated or deleted NLS and added them to apoptosis-induced cells in which FGFR1 was inactive, either as a result of chemical inhibition or kinase-dead mutation. After internalization, all FGF1 variants were able to protect the differentiated cells from serum starvation-induced apoptosis. To verify the results obtained for NLS mutants, we knocked down LRRC59, a protein that mediates the nuclear transport of FGF1. Upon LRRC59 silencing, we still observed a decrease in caspase 3/7 activity in cells treated exogenously with wild-type FGF1. In the next step, FGF1 variants with mutated or deleted NLS were expressed in U2OS cells, in which apoptosis was then induced by various factors (e.g., starvation, etoposide, staurosporine, anisomycin and actinomycin D). Experiments were performed in the presence of specific FGFR inhibitors to eliminate FGFR-induced signaling, potentially activated by FGF1 proteins released from damaged cells. Again, we found that the presence of NLS in FGF1 is not required for its anti-apoptotic activity. All NLS variants tested were able to act as wild type FGF1, increasing the cell viability and mitochondrial membrane potential and reducing the caspase 3/7 activity and PARP cleavage in cells undergoing apoptosis, both transiently and stably transfected. Our results indicate that the nuclear localization of FGF1 is not required for its intracellular anti-apoptotic activity in differentiated cells and suggest that the mechanism of the stress response differs according to the level of cell differentiation.

Citing Articles

Comprehensive in silico analysis of prognostic and immune infiltrates for FGFs in human ovarian cancer.

Wang Y, Zhang H, Zhan Y, Li Z, Li S, Guo S J Ovarian Res. 2024; 17(1):197.

PMID: 39385288 PMC: 11465590. DOI: 10.1186/s13048-024-01496-z.


Pan-cancer analysis of LRRC59 with a focus on prognostic and immunological roles in hepatocellular carcinoma.

Pan B, Cheng J, Tan W, Wu X, Fan Q, Fan L Aging (Albany NY). 2024; 16(9):8171-8197.

PMID: 38738999 PMC: 11131990. DOI: 10.18632/aging.205810.


Biological function, mediate cell death pathway and their potential regulated mechanisms for post-mortem muscle tenderization of PARP1: A review.

Li R, Luo R, Luo Y, Hou Y, Wang J, Zhang Q Front Nutr. 2023; 9:1093939.

PMID: 36590225 PMC: 9797534. DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1093939.

References
1.
Imamura T, Tokita Y, Mitsui Y . Identification of a heparin-binding growth factor-1 nuclear translocation sequence by deletion mutation analysis. J Biol Chem. 1992; 267(8):5676-9. View

2.
Olsnes S, Klingenberg O, Wiedlocha A . Transport of exogenous growth factors and cytokines to the cytosol and to the nucleus. Physiol Rev. 2002; 83(1):163-82. DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00021.2002. View

3.
Suh J, Jonker J, Ahmadian M, Goetz R, Lackey D, Osborn O . Endocrinization of FGF1 produces a neomorphic and potent insulin sensitizer. Nature. 2014; 513(7518):436-9. PMC: 4184286. DOI: 10.1038/nature13540. View

4.
Malecki J, Wesche J, Skjerpen C, Wiedlocha A, Olsnes S . Translocation of FGF-1 and FGF-2 across vesicular membranes occurs during G1-phase by a common mechanism. Mol Biol Cell. 2003; 15(2):801-14. PMC: 329394. DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e03-08-0589. View

5.
Dang C, Lee W . Nuclear and nucleolar targeting sequences of c-erb-A, c-myb, N-myc, p53, HSP70, and HIV tat proteins. J Biol Chem. 1989; 264(30):18019-23. View