Autoimmune Rheumatic Diseases: One or Many Diseases?

Overview

Journal J Transl Autoimmun

Date 2022 Jan 10

PMID 35005593

Authors

Haralampos M Moutsopoulos

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Until the etiopathogenic factor(s) of autoimmune and autoinflammatory rheumatic disorders will be identified, their classification into entities will continue. However, their similar clinical manifestations, overlapping syndromes, evolution from one entity into another, as well as common autoantibody responses, suggest that autoimmune and autoinflammatory disorders may constitute distinct pathophysiologic processes on the basis of a different genetic background. Prognosis and effective therapeutic regimens are mostly based on the clinico-pathologic severity of the involved tissues or organs and not on the disease label.

Citing Articles

Periostin and rheumatic diseases: early insights from a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Mangoni A, Zinellu A Clin Exp Med. 2025; 25(1):75.

PMID: 40053143 PMC: 11889030. DOI: 10.1007/s10238-025-01615-0.

Mortality in children and adolescents with autoimmune inflammatory rheumatic diseases admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit.

Buranapattama T, Phumeetham S, Piyaphanee N, Sukharomana M, Charuvanij S Pediatr Rheumatol Online J. 2025; 23(1):20.

PMID: 39979968 PMC: 11843957. DOI: 10.1186/s12969-025-01068-5.

Molecular mimicry in the pathogenesis of autoimmune rheumatic diseases.

Fehringer M, Vogl T J Transl Autoimmun. 2025; 10:100269.

PMID: 39877080 PMC: 11773492. DOI: 10.1016/j.jtauto.2025.100269.

Usenamine A: a potential therapeutic agent for rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis through its anti-inflammatory activity.

Lee Y, Li Z, Jang H, Kim M, Saravanakumar K, Shim S Front Pharmacol. 2024; 15:1456216.

PMID: 39691400 PMC: 11650205. DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1456216.

Unraveling the Pleiotropic Role of High-Density Lipoproteins (HDLs) in Autoimmune Rheumatic Diseases.

Giacaglia M, Pires V, Santana M, Passarelli M Int J Rheumatol. 2024; 2024:1896817.

PMID: 39574464 PMC: 11581784. DOI: 10.1155/2024/1896817.

References

Cinoku I, Verrou K, Piperi E, Voulgarelis M, Moutsopoulos H, Mavragani C . Interferon (IFN)-stimulated gene 15: A novel biomarker for lymphoma development in Sjögren's syndrome. J Autoimmun. 2021; 123:102704. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2021.102704. View

Shukla S, Singh G, Ahmad S, Pant P . Infections, genetic and environmental factors in pathogenesis of autoimmune thyroid diseases. Microb Pathog. 2018; 116:279-288. DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.01.004. View

Tzelepis G, Kokosi M, Tzioufas A, Toya S, Boki K, Zormpala A . Prevalence and outcome of pulmonary fibrosis in microscopic polyangiitis. Eur Respir J. 2009; 36(1):116-21. DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00110109. View

Manoussakis M, Georgopoulou C, Zintzaras E, Spyropoulou M, Stavropoulou A, Skopouli F . Sjögren's syndrome associated with systemic lupus erythematosus: clinical and laboratory profiles and comparison with primary Sjögren's syndrome. Arthritis Rheum. 2004; 50(3):882-91. DOI: 10.1002/art.20093. View

David T, Ling S, Barton A . Genetics of immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. Clin Exp Immunol. 2018; 193(1):3-12. PMC: 6037997. DOI: 10.1111/cei.13101. View

Zampeli E, Klinman D, Gershwin M, Moutsopoulos H . A comprehensive evaluation for the treatment of lupus nephritis. J Autoimmun. 2017; 78:1-10. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2016.12.011. View

Ioannidis J, Boki K, Katsorida M, Drosos A, Skopouli F, Boletis J . Remission, relapse, and re-remission of proliferative lupus nephritis treated with cyclophosphamide. Kidney Int. 2000; 57(1):258-64. DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2000.00832.x. View

Dimitrakopoulos A, Kordossis T, Hatzakis A, Moutsopoulos H . Mixed cryoglobulinemia in HIV-1 infection: the role of HIV-1. Ann Intern Med. 1999; 130(3):226-30. DOI: 10.7326/0003-4819-130-3-199902020-00027. View

Sharp G, Irvin W, Tan E, Gould R, HOLMAN H . Mixed connective tissue disease--an apparently distinct rheumatic disease syndrome associated with a specific antibody to an extractable nuclear antigen (ENA). Am J Med. 1972; 52(2):148-59. DOI: 10.1016/0002-9343(72)90064-2. View

10.

Zampeli E, Mavrommati M, Moutsopoulos H, Skopouli F . Anti-Ro52 and/or anti-Ro60 immune reactivity: autoantibody and disease associations. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2020; 38 Suppl 126(4):134-141. View

11.

Mavragani C, Nezos A, Sagalovskiy I, Seshan S, Kirou K, Crow M . Defective regulation of L1 endogenous retroelements in primary Sjogren's syndrome and systemic lupus erythematosus: Role of methylating enzymes. J Autoimmun. 2017; 88:75-82. PMC: 5844801. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2017.10.004. View

12.

Vlachoyiannopoulos P, Tzavara V, Dafni U, Spanos E, Moutsopoulos H . Clinical features and evolution of antinuclear antibody positive individuals in a rheumatology outpatient clinic. J Rheumatol. 1998; 25(5):886-91. View

13.

Fairweather D, Rose N . Coxsackievirus-induced myocarditis in mice: a model of autoimmune disease for studying immunotoxicity. Methods. 2006; 41(1):118-22. PMC: 1764911. DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2006.07.009. View

14.

Karaiskos D, Mavragani C, Makaroni S, Zinzaras E, Voulgarelis M, Rabavilas A . Stress, coping strategies and social support in patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome prior to disease onset: a retrospective case-control study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2008; 68(1):40-6. DOI: 10.1136/ard.2007.084152. View

15.

Turkcapar N, Olmez U, Ozer D, Duzgun N, Duman M . A case of overlap syndrome with rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, systemic sclerosis and secondary Sjögren's syndrome. Rheumatol Int. 2005; 26(9):841-5. DOI: 10.1007/s00296-005-0084-1. View

16.

Fragkioudaki S, Mavragani C, Moutsopoulos H . Predicting the risk for lymphoma development in Sjogren syndrome: An easy tool for clinical use. Medicine (Baltimore). 2016; 95(25):e3766. PMC: 4998301. DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000003766. View

17.

Lerner A, Arleevskaya M, Schmiedl A, Matthias T . Microbes and Viruses Are Bugging the Gut in Celiac Disease. Are They Friends or Foes?. Front Microbiol. 2017; 8:1392. PMC: 5539691. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01392. View

18.

Moutsopoulos H, Webber B, Vlagopoulos T, Chused T, Decker J . Differences in the clinical manifestations of sicca syndrome in the presence and absence of rheumatoid arthritis. Am J Med. 1979; 66(5):733-6. DOI: 10.1016/0002-9343(79)91110-0. View

19.

Hanke K, Bruckner C, Dahnrich C, Huscher D, Komorowski L, Meyer W . Antibodies against PM/Scl-75 and PM/Scl-100 are independent markers for different subsets of systemic sclerosis patients. Arthritis Res Ther. 2009; 11(1):R22. PMC: 2688254. DOI: 10.1186/ar2614. View

20.

Triantafyllopoulou A, Tapinos N, Moutsopoulos H . Evidence for coxsackievirus infection in primary Sjögren's syndrome. Arthritis Rheum. 2004; 50(9):2897-902. DOI: 10.1002/art.20463. View