Role of Autophagy in Cardiovascular Disease and Aging

Overview

Journal Cureus

Specialty Biomedical Engineering

Date 2021 Dec 7

PMID 34873555

Citations 8

Authors

Christos Koutouroushis

Oiendrila Sarkar

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide and is expected to further increase as people continue to live even longer. Although the life span of the general population is increasing, the con of such a prolonged life span is that aging has certain detrimental effects on the molecular, structural, and functional elements of the cardiovascular system. This review will discuss various molecular pathways linked to longevity, most notably autophagy and its associated mechanisms, and how these pathways can be targeted to promote cardiovascular health through the process of aging. It is to be noted that the process of autophagy decreases with aging; hence, this review concludes that the promotion of autophagy, through implementation of caloric restriction, intermittent fasting, and pharmacologic agents, has proven to be an efficacious means of stimulating cardiovascular health. Therefore, autophagy is an important target for prevention and procrastination of cardiovascular pathologies in the geriatric population.

Citing Articles

Plekhm2 acts as an autophagy modulator in murine heart and cardiofibroblasts.

Etzion S, Hijaze R, Segal L, Pilcha S, Masil D, Levi O Sci Rep. 2024; 14(1):14949.

PMID: 38942823 PMC: 11213891. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-65670-5.

Autophagy in Its (Proper) Context: Molecular Basis, Biological Relevance, Pharmacological Modulation, and Lifestyle Medicine.

Ortega M, Fraile-Martinez O, De Leon-Oliva D, Boaru D, Lopez-Gonzalez L, Garcia-Montero C Int J Biol Sci. 2024; 20(7):2532-2554.

PMID: 38725847 PMC: 11077378. DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.95122.

Decreased intranuclear cardiac troponin I impairs cardiac autophagy through FOS/ATG5 in ageing hearts.

Liu R, Huang S, Hu D, Liu L, Sun H, Tian J J Cell Mol Med. 2024; 28(9):e18357.

PMID: 38683127 PMC: 11057418. DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.18357.

Mechanistic insights into fasting-induced autophagy in the aging heart.

Parvaresh H, Paczek K, Al-Bari M, Eid N World J Cardiol. 2024; 16(3):109-117.

PMID: 38576517 PMC: 10989221. DOI: 10.4330/wjc.v16.i3.109.

Differences in Leukocyte Transcriptomes of Morbidly Obese Patients With High Output Heart Failure: A Pilot Study.

Cintron S, Pierce J, Sardiu M, Mahoney D, Peltzer J, Gupta B Int J Heart Fail. 2023; 5(4):201-212.

PMID: 37937202 PMC: 10625880. DOI: 10.36628/ijhf.2023.0027.

References

Mizushima N . Autophagy: process and function. Genes Dev. 2007; 21(22):2861-73. DOI: 10.1101/gad.1599207. View

Hardie D, Carling D . The AMP-activated protein kinase--fuel gauge of the mammalian cell?. Eur J Biochem. 1997; 246(2):259-73. DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1997.00259.x. View

Gonzalez-Mariscal I, Martin-Montalvo A, Ojeda-Gonzalez C, Rodriguez-Eguren A, Gutierrez-Rios P, Navas P . Balanced CoQ biosynthesis is required for lifespan and mitophagy in yeast. Microb Cell. 2017; 4(2):38-51. PMC: 5349121. DOI: 10.15698/mic2017.02.556. View

Michiels C, Fransen P, De Munck D, De Meyer G, Martinet W . Defective autophagy in vascular smooth muscle cells alters contractility and Ca²⁺ homeostasis in mice. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2015; 308(6):H557-67. DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00659.2014. View

van Heemst D, Beekman M, Mooijaart S, Heijmans B, Brandt B, Zwaan B . Reduced insulin/IGF-1 signalling and human longevity. Aging Cell. 2005; 4(2):79-85. DOI: 10.1111/j.1474-9728.2005.00148.x. View

Christensen K, Doblhammer G, Rau R, Vaupel J . Ageing populations: the challenges ahead. Lancet. 2009; 374(9696):1196-208. PMC: 2810516. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61460-4. View

Monastyrska I, Rieter E, Klionsky D, Reggiori F . Multiple roles of the cytoskeleton in autophagy. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc. 2009; 84(3):431-48. PMC: 2831541. DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-185X.2009.00082.x. View

Taneike M, Yamaguchi O, Nakai A, Hikoso S, Takeda T, Mizote I . Inhibition of autophagy in the heart induces age-related cardiomyopathy. Autophagy. 2010; 6(5):600-6. DOI: 10.4161/auto.6.5.11947. View

Nakai A, Yamaguchi O, Takeda T, Higuchi Y, Hikoso S, Taniike M . The role of autophagy in cardiomyocytes in the basal state and in response to hemodynamic stress. Nat Med. 2007; 13(5):619-24. DOI: 10.1038/nm1574. View

10.

Galluzzi L, Kepp O, Kroemer G . Mitochondrial regulation of cell death: a phylogenetically conserved control. Microb Cell. 2017; 3(3):101-108. PMC: 5349020. DOI: 10.15698/mic2016.03.483. View

11.

Morselli E, Maiuri M, Markaki M, Megalou E, Pasparaki A, Palikaras K . Caloric restriction and resveratrol promote longevity through the Sirtuin-1-dependent induction of autophagy. Cell Death Dis. 2011; 1:e10. PMC: 3032517. DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2009.8. View

12.

Luengo-Fernandez R, Leal J, Gray A, Petersen S, Rayner M . Cost of cardiovascular diseases in the United Kingdom. Heart. 2006; 92(10):1384-9. PMC: 1861058. DOI: 10.1136/hrt.2005.072173. View

13.

Martin-Montalvo A, Mercken E, Mitchell S, Palacios H, Mote P, Scheibye-Knudsen M . Metformin improves healthspan and lifespan in mice. Nat Commun. 2013; 4:2192. PMC: 3736576. DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3192. View

14.

Lakatta E . Age-associated cardiovascular changes in health: impact on cardiovascular disease in older persons. Heart Fail Rev. 2002; 7(1):29-49. DOI: 10.1023/a:1013797722156. View

15.

Janssens G, Veenhoff L . Evidence for the hallmarks of human aging in replicatively aging yeast. Microb Cell. 2017; 3(7):263-274. PMC: 5354591. DOI: 10.15698/mic2016.07.510. View

16.

Yuan R, Tsaih S, Petkova S, Marin de Evsikova C, Xing S, Marion M . Aging in inbred strains of mice: study design and interim report on median lifespans and circulating IGF1 levels. Aging Cell. 2009; 8(3):277-87. PMC: 2768517. DOI: 10.1111/j.1474-9726.2009.00478.x. View

17.

Kemi M, Keenan K, McCoy C, Hoe C, Soper K, Ballam G . The relative protective effects of moderate dietary restriction versus dietary modification on spontaneous cardiomyopathy in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Toxicol Pathol. 2000; 28(2):285-96. DOI: 10.1177/019262330002800208. View

18.

Sanchez A, Candau R, Bernardi H . FoxO transcription factors: their roles in the maintenance of skeletal muscle homeostasis. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2013; 71(9):1657-71. PMC: 11113648. DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1513-z. View

19.

Delaughter M, Taffet G, Fiorotto M, Entman M, Schwartz R . Local insulin-like growth factor I expression induces physiologic, then pathologic, cardiac hypertrophy in transgenic mice. FASEB J. 1999; 13(14):1923-9. DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.13.14.1923. View

20.

Dai D, Rabinovitch P, Ungvari Z . Mitochondria and cardiovascular aging. Circ Res. 2012; 110(8):1109-24. PMC: 3867977. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.111.246140. View