Effectiveness of Probiotic Lozenges and Chlorhexidine Mouthwash on Plaque Index, Salivary PH, and Count Among School Children in Makkah, Saudi Arabia

Overview

Journal Saudi Dent J

Specialty Dentistry

Date 2021 Nov 22

PMID 34803312

Citations 3

Authors

Sara Matuq Badri

Emtenan Hesham Felemban

Ghaida Kamel Alnajjar

Fadwa Monawar Alotaibi

Shorooq Talin Aljahdali

Yahia Ahmed Maher

Adel Fathi

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Purpose: To compare the effect of the probiotic lozenges and chlorhexidine (CHX) mouthwash on plaque index (PI) , salivary pH and Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) 3 count among groups of Saudi children.

Methods: A total of 54 participants aged 8-12 years were randomly allocated into three groups, 18 children in each group. Children in the probiotic group consumed one probiotic lozenge (Biogaia prodentis) daily, while children in the CHX group were instructed to use CHX mouthwash twice daily. The control group was only instructed to follow regular oral hygiene measures. Saliva samples were taken at baseline, 15th and 30th days. PI scores, salivary pH values and S. mutans count were evaluated. Data were statistically analyzed using the ANOVA and the Tukey post-hoc test.

Results: Probiotic lozenges and CHX mouthwash significantly reduced PI and S. mutans count and increased the salivary pH values. However, there were no statistical differences between the effect of probiotic lozenges and CHX mouthwash on PI (-value= 800) and pH values (-value= 0.927) on the 30th day. Conversely a significant difference was reported among their effects on S. mutans count (-value=0.014) on the 30th day. Greater acceptance and compliance of children to probiotic lozenges were reported.

Conclusions: Probiotic lozenges could be an alternative to CHX mouthwash and encouraged to be included with the daily oral hygiene measures.

Citing Articles

Limosilactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 Inhibition of Biofilm Formation by Prevotella intermedia and Fusobacterium nucleatum Across Salivary pH: An In Vitro Study.

Ananda N, Julia V, Bachtiar E Eur J Dent. 2024; 19(1):90-95.

PMID: 38942052 PMC: 11750330. DOI: 10.1055/s-0044-1786846.

The antimicrobial effect of as probiotic on oral bacteria: A scoping review.

Ananda N, Suniarti D, Bachtiar E F1000Res. 2024; 12:1495.

PMID: 38434653 PMC: 10905032. DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.139697.1.

Efficacy of aloe vera and probiotic mouthwashes vs fluoride mouthwash on Streptococcus mutans in plaque around brackets of orthodontic patients: a randomized clinical trial.

D S N, Sebastian B, Kalappurakkal R, Kirubakaran R Angle Orthod. 2023; 93(5):538-544.

PMID: 37133931 PMC: 10575646. DOI: 10.2319/082222-595.1.

Efficacy of Probiotics Compared to Chlorhexidine Mouthwash in Improving Periodontal Status: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Soares K, Firoozi P, de Souza G, Martins O, Falci S, Rocha Dos Santos C Int J Dent. 2023; 2023:4013004.

PMID: 36726858 PMC: 9886484. DOI: 10.1155/2023/4013004.

References

Shah S, Nambiar S, Kamath D, Suman E, Unnikrishnan B, Desai A . Comparative Evaluation of Plaque Inhibitory and Antimicrobial Efficacy of Probiotic and Chlorhexidine Oral Rinses in Orthodontic Patients: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Int J Dent. 2019; 2019:1964158. PMC: 6410424. DOI: 10.1155/2019/1964158. View

Tang C, Lu Z . Health promoting activities of probiotics. J Food Biochem. 2019; 43(8):e12944. DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.12944. View

Dantas Lobo P, Fonteles C, Marques L, Jamacaru F, Fonseca S, Carvalho C . The efficacy of three formulations of Lippia sidoides Cham. essential oil in the reduction of salivary Streptococcus mutans in children with caries: a randomized, double-blind, controlled study. Phytomedicine. 2014; 21(8-9):1043-7. DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2014.04.021. View

Ng M, Ramos-Gomez F . Disease prevention and management of early childhood caries. J Mass Dent Soc. 2013; 61(3):28-32. View

SILNESS J, Loe H . PERIODONTAL DISEASE IN PREGNANCY. II. CORRELATION BETWEEN ORAL HYGIENE AND PERIODONTAL CONDTION. Acta Odontol Scand. 1964; 22:121-35. DOI: 10.3109/00016356408993968. View

Ledder R, Mistry H, Sreenivasan P, Humphreys G, McBain A . Arginine Exposure Decreases Acidogenesis in Long-Term Oral Biofilm Microcosms. mSphere. 2017; 2(4). PMC: 5566835. DOI: 10.1128/mSphere.00295-17. View

Kamalaksharappa S, Rai R, Babaji P, Pradeep M . Efficacy of probiotic and green tea mouthrinse on salivary pH. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent. 2018; 36(3):279-282. DOI: 10.4103/JISPPD.JISPPD_49_18. View

Raff A, Hunt L . Probiotics for periodontal health: a review of the literature. J Dent Hyg. 2012; 86(2):71-81. View

Velmurugan A, Madhubala M, Bhavani S, Satheesh Kumar K, Sathyanarayana S, Gurucharan N . An in-vivo comparative evaluation of two herbal extracts Emblica officinalis and Terminalia Chebula with chlorhexidine as an anticaries agent: A preliminary study. J Conserv Dent. 2013; 16(6):546-9. PMC: 3842725. DOI: 10.4103/0972-0707.120958. View

10.

Peres M, Macpherson L, Weyant R, Daly B, Venturelli R, Mathur M . Oral diseases: a global public health challenge. Lancet. 2019; 394(10194):249-260. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(19)31146-8. View

11.

Martinez R, Bedani R, Saad S . Scientific evidence for health effects attributed to the consumption of probiotics and prebiotics: an update for current perspectives and future challenges. Br J Nutr. 2015; 114(12):1993-2015. DOI: 10.1017/S0007114515003864. View

12.

Sharma M, Pandit I, Srivastava N, Gugnani N, Gupta M . A Comparative Evaluation of Efficacy of Counts in Saliva: An Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2018; 11(2):94-99. PMC: 6034049. DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10005-1492. View

13.

Mishra R, Chandrashekar K, Tripathi V, Hazari A, Sabu B, Sahu A . Comparative evaluation of efficacy of 0.2% sodium hypochlorite (Hi Wash) mouthwash with 0.2% chlorhexidine mouthwash on plaque-induced gingivitis: A clinical trial. J Indian Soc Periodontol. 2019; 23(6):534-538. PMC: 6906904. DOI: 10.4103/jisp.jisp_32_19. View

14.

Wannun P, Piwat S, Teanpaisan R . Purification, Characterization, and Optimum Conditions of Fermencin SD11, a Bacteriocin Produced by Human Orally Lactobacillus fermentum SD11. Appl Biochem Biotechnol. 2016; 179(4):572-82. DOI: 10.1007/s12010-016-2014-y. View

15.

Jalasvuori H, Haukioja A, Tenovuo J . Probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri strains ATCC PTA 5289 and ATCC 55730 differ in their cariogenic properties in vitro. Arch Oral Biol. 2012; 57(12):1633-8. DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2012.07.014. View

16.

Gizligoz B, Ince Kuka G, Tunar O, Ozkan Karaca E, Gursoy H, Kuru B . Plaque Inhibitory Effect of Hyaluronan-Containing Mouthwash in a 4-Day Non-Brushing Model. Oral Health Prev Dent. 2020; 18(1):61-70. PMC: 11654491. DOI: 10.3290/j.ohpd.a43936. View

17.

Hasslof P, Hedberg M, Twetman S, Stecksen-Blicks C . Growth inhibition of oral mutans streptococci and candida by commercial probiotic lactobacilli--an in vitro study. BMC Oral Health. 2010; 10:18. PMC: 2908555. DOI: 10.1186/1472-6831-10-18. View

18.

Kang M, Oh J, Lee H, Lim H, Lee S, Yang K . Inhibitory effect of Lactobacillus reuteri on periodontopathic and cariogenic bacteria. J Microbiol. 2011; 49(2):193-9. DOI: 10.1007/s12275-011-0252-9. View

19.

Villavicencio J, Villegas L, Arango M, Arias S, Triana F . Effects of a food enriched with probiotics on Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus spp. salivary counts in preschool children: a cluster randomized trial. J Appl Oral Sci. 2018; 26:e20170318. PMC: 5958937. DOI: 10.1590/1678-7757-2017-0318. View

20.

Sanghvi U, Chhabra T, Sethuraman R . Effect of probiotics on the amount and pH of saliva in edentulous patients: A Prospective study. J Indian Prosthodont Soc. 2018; 18(3):277-281. PMC: 6070856. DOI: 10.4103/jips.jips_121_18. View