Cell-derived Extracellular Vesicles and Membranes for Tissue Repair

Overview

Journal J Nanobiotechnology

Publisher Biomed Central

Specialty Biotechnology

Date 2021 Nov 18

PMID 34789267

Citations 12

Authors

Yuan Ding

Yanjie Li

Zhongquan Sun

Xin Han

Yining Chen

Yao Ge

Zhengwei Mao

Weilin Wang

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Humans have a limited postinjury regenerative ability. Therefore, cell-derived biomaterials have long been utilized for tissue repair. Cells with multipotent differentiation potential, such as stem cells, have been administered to patients for the treatment of various diseases. Researchers expected that these cells would mediate tissue repair and regeneration through their multipotency. However, increasing evidence has suggested that in most stem cell therapies, the paracrine effect but not cell differentiation or regeneration is the major driving force of tissue repair. Additionally, ethical and safety problems have limited the application of stem cell therapies. Therefore, nonliving cell-derived techniques such as extracellular vesicle (EV) therapy and cell membrane-based therapy to fulfil the unmet demand for tissue repair are important. Nonliving cell-derived biomaterials are safer and more controllable, and their efficacy is easier to enhance through bioengineering approaches. Here, we described the development and evolution from cell therapy to EV therapy and cell membrane-based therapy for tissue repair. Furthermore, the latest advances in nonliving cell-derived therapies empowered by advanced engineering techniques are emphatically reviewed, and their potential and challenges in the future are discussed.

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