C-reactive Protein As an Effector Molecule in Covid-19 Pathogenesis

Overview

Journal Rev Med Virol

Publisher Wiley

Specialty Microbiology

Date 2021 Nov 13

PMID 34773448

Citations 29

Authors

Jesus A Mosquera-Sulbaran

Adriana Pedreanez

Yenddy Carrero

Diana Callejas

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

The current pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 virus infection is known as Covid-19 (coronavirus disease 2019). This disease can be asymptomatic or can affect multiple organ systems. Damage induced by the virus is related to dysfunctional activity of the immune system, but the activity of molecules such as C-reactive protein (CRP) as a factor capable of inducing an inflammatory status that may be involved in the severe evolution of the disease, has not been extensively evaluated. A systematic review was performed using the NCBI-PubMed database to find articles related to Covid-19 immunity, inflammatory response, and CRP published from December 2019 to December 2020. High levels of CRP were found in patients with severe evolution of Covid-19 in which several organ systems were affected and in patients who died. CRP activates complement, induces the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and induces apoptosis which, together with the inflammatory status during the disease, can lead to a severe outcome. Several drugs can decrease the level or block the effect of CRP and might be useful in the treatment of Covid-19. From this review it is reasonable to conclude that CRP is a factor that can contribute to severe evolution of Covid-19 and that the use of drugs able to lower CRP levels or block its activity should be evaluated in randomized controlled clinical trials.

Citing Articles

Outcomes of COVID-19 in 24 hospitalized liver transplant recipients: an observational study.

Sadeghian A, Mansourian M, Ranjbar M, Kazemi S, Nojomi M, Zarghami S BMC Infect Dis. 2024; 24(1):1019.

PMID: 39304800 PMC: 11414169. DOI: 10.1186/s12879-024-09879-9.

Dynamic lymphocyte-CRP ratio as a predictor: a single-centre retrospective study on disease severity and progression in adult COVID-19 patients.

Wang D, Gao Y, Lai Q, Wu D, Liu H, Meng H J Int Med Res. 2024; 52(3):3000605241236278.

PMID: 38483140 PMC: 10964466. DOI: 10.1177/03000605241236278.

Fermented Rooibos tea (Aspalathus linearis) Ameliorates Sodium Fluoride-Induced Cardiorenal Toxicity, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammation via Modulation of NF-κB/IκB/IκKB Signaling Pathway in Wistar Rats.

Ajuwon O, Adeleke T, Ajiboye B, Lawal A, Folorunso I, Brai B Cardiovasc Toxicol. 2024; 24(3):240-257.

PMID: 38315346 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-024-09826-9.

Kinetics of IL-6, C-reactive Protein and Fibrinogen Levels in COVID-19 Outpatients Who Evolved to Hypoxemia.

Mendes-Filho S, Pinheiro R, Martins F, Giroldi P, E Melo R, de Oliveira E Clin Pathol. 2024; 17:2632010X231222795.

PMID: 38188270 PMC: 10768631. DOI: 10.1177/2632010X231222795.

Gold single atom-based aptananozyme as an ultrasensitive and selective colorimetric probe for detection of thrombin and C-reactive protein.

Ali G, Algethami F, Omer K Mikrochim Acta. 2023; 191(1):59.

PMID: 38153560 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-023-06147-6.

References

Healy B, Freedman A . Infections. BMJ. 2006; 332(7545):838-41. PMC: 1432149. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.332.7545.838. View

Torzewski J, Heigl F, Zimmermann O, Wagner F, Schumann C, Hettich R . First-in-Man: Case Report of Selective C-Reactive Protein Apheresis in a Patient with SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Am J Case Rep. 2020; 21:e925020. PMC: 7377527. DOI: 10.12659/AJCR.925020. View

Yamada T, Wakabayashi M, Yamaji T, Chopra N, Mikami T, Miyashita H . Value of leukocytosis and elevated C-reactive protein in predicting severe coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19): A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Chim Acta. 2020; 509:235-243. PMC: 7832771. DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2020.06.008. View

Ryu J, Lee C, Shin J, Park C, Kim J, Park S . FcgammaRIIa mediates C-reactive protein-induced inflammatory responses of human vascular smooth muscle cells by activating NADPH oxidase 4. Cardiovasc Res. 2007; 75(3):555-65. DOI: 10.1016/j.cardiores.2007.04.027. View

Senkal N, Meral R, Medetalibeyoglu A, Konyaoglu H, Kose M, Tukek T . Association between chronic ACE inhibitor exposure and decreased odds of severe disease in patients with COVID-19. Anatol J Cardiol. 2020; 24(1):21-29. PMC: 7414823. DOI: 10.14744/AnatolJCardiol.2020.57431. View

Blaschke F, Bruemmer D, Yin F, Takata Y, Wang W, Fishbein M . C-reactive protein induces apoptosis in human coronary vascular smooth muscle cells. Circulation. 2004; 110(5):579-87. DOI: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000136999.77584.A2. View

Keystone E, Taylor P, Drescher E, Schlichting D, Beattie S, Berclaz P . Safety and efficacy of baricitinib at 24 weeks in patients with rheumatoid arthritis who have had an inadequate response to methotrexate. Ann Rheum Dis. 2014; 74(2):333-40. PMC: 4316868. DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-206478. View

Eisenhardt S, Thiele J, Bannasch H, Stark G, Peter K . C-reactive protein: how conformational changes influence inflammatory properties. Cell Cycle. 2009; 8(23):3885-92. DOI: 10.4161/cc.8.23.10068. View

Black R, Rauch C, Kozlosky C, Peschon J, Slack J, Wolfson M . A metalloproteinase disintegrin that releases tumour-necrosis factor-alpha from cells. Nature. 1997; 385(6618):729-33. DOI: 10.1038/385729a0. View

10.

Ji S, Wu Y, Zhu L, Potempa L, Sheng F, Lu W . Cell membranes and liposomes dissociate C-reactive protein (CRP) to form a new, biologically active structural intermediate: mCRP(m). FASEB J. 2006; 21(1):284-94. DOI: 10.1096/fj.06-6722com. View

11.

Verma S, Wang C, Li S, Dumont A, Fedak P, Badiwala M . A self-fulfilling prophecy: C-reactive protein attenuates nitric oxide production and inhibits angiogenesis. Circulation. 2002; 106(8):913-9. DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.0000029802.88087.5e. View

12.

Boras E, Slevin M, Alexander M, Aljohi A, Gilmore W, Ashworth J . Monomeric C-reactive protein and Notch-3 co-operatively increase angiogenesis through PI3K signalling pathway. Cytokine. 2014; 69(2):165-79. DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2014.05.027. View

13.

Torzewski M, Rist C, Mortensen R, Zwaka T, Bienek M, Waltenberger J . C-reactive protein in the arterial intima: role of C-reactive protein receptor-dependent monocyte recruitment in atherogenesis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2000; 20(9):2094-9. DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.20.9.2094. View

14.

Gheblawi M, Wang K, Viveiros A, Nguyen Q, Zhong J, Turner A . Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2: SARS-CoV-2 Receptor and Regulator of the Renin-Angiotensin System: Celebrating the 20th Anniversary of the Discovery of ACE2. Circ Res. 2020; 126(10):1456-1474. PMC: 7188049. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.120.317015. View

15.

Sahu B, Kampa R, Padhi A, Panda A . C-reactive protein: A promising biomarker for poor prognosis in COVID-19 infection. Clin Chim Acta. 2020; 509:91-94. PMC: 7274122. DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2020.06.013. View

16.

Chen W, Zheng K, Liu S, Yan Z, Xu C, Qiao Z . Plasma CRP level is positively associated with the severity of COVID-19. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2020; 19(1):18. PMC: 7227180. DOI: 10.1186/s12941-020-00362-2. View

17.

Vigushin D, Pepys M, Hawkins P . Metabolic and scintigraphic studies of radioiodinated human C-reactive protein in health and disease. J Clin Invest. 1993; 91(4):1351-7. PMC: 288106. DOI: 10.1172/JCI116336. View

18.

de Groot R . Structure, function and evolution of the hemagglutinin-esterase proteins of corona- and toroviruses. Glycoconj J. 2006; 23(1-2):59-72. PMC: 7088178. DOI: 10.1007/s10719-006-5438-8. View

19.

Jenkins N, Keevil B, Hutchinson I, Brooks N . Beta-blockers are associated with lower C-reactive protein concentrations in patients with coronary artery disease. Am J Med. 2002; 112(4):269-74. DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9343(01)01115-9. View

20.

Shi P, Grobe J, Desland F, Zhou G, Shen X, Shan Z . Direct pro-inflammatory effects of prorenin on microglia. PLoS One. 2014; 9(10):e92937. PMC: 4193744. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092937. View